Pain-induced depression in the elderly: Validation of psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the “Geriatric Emotional Assessment of Pain” - GEAP-b

Abstract

Objective: In order to introduce an instrument within our midst that allows a comprehensive clinical evaluation of pain-induced depression in the elderly, we proposed the translation, cross-cultural adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese, and study of the psychometric properties of the "Geriatric Psychosocial Assessment of Pain-induced Depression" (GEAP) scale. This instrument was especially developed for the screening of depression associated with chronic pain in the elderly. Method: We performed translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the GEAP scale, whose psychometric properties were analyzed in a sample of 48 elderly individuals. Sociodemographic data and information related to chronic pain were ascertained, as well as those related to depression. The GEAP-b scale was applied at three different times on the same day by two different interviewers (I1 and I2), and after 15 days by one of those interviewers (I3). Results: The GEAP-b proved to be an easy-to-apply instrument with a high internal consistency value, according to the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.835). The reproducibility of the instrument was optimal, achieving intraclass correlations of 98.5 and 92% for interobserver and intraobserver, respectively. There was "considerable" agreement (between 0.419 and 1.0) for each GEAP-b item, except for item 19, according to the kappa statistic. As for the validity of the GEAP-b criterion, positive and statistically significant correlations were obtained for pain, according to GPM-p (r=49.5%, p<0.001), and depression, according to GDS (r=59%, p<0.001), both values being considered regular (between 40-60%). Conclusion:The GEAP-b scale has proven to be reliable and valid in the screening of pain-related depression in the elderly.

Chronic pain among older adults and its impact on satisfaction with social participation: development and validation of the “Instrument to Assess Older Adults’ Social Participation”. A descriptive quantitative study

“…This assessment was performed in the second stage of the study, and the sample size was calculated by considering a maximum sampling error of 10% (ideally, it would be less than 5%; however, we considered the difficulties in data collection and the application of the instruments, especially the application of the IAPSI, which should be applied on two different days). With a 95% confidence level, we considered two aspects: the estimated number of older adults who regularly received care at the geriatrics and gerontology outpatient clinic at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (approximately 1,600 patients) and the prevalence of chronic pain among these individuals, which would be approximately 20% according to the international literature and an observational study conducted in the aforementioned outpatient unit, 14,15 and determined a sample size of 55 participants.…”

“…1 Chronic pain is highly prevalent among older adults, affecting nearly 50% of those who live in the community and 80% of those who live in long-stay institutions. 2 Because this prevalence is so high, numerous severe and potentially debilitating consequences develop in the aging pro-…”

Dolor osteoarticular y depresión en adultos mayores atendidos en un hospital geriátrico de Lima-Perú

“…Su relación fue evaluada y analizada en el tiempo actual, específicamente en el entorno internacional, tal como fue evidenciado por Almeida et al, quienes mencionaron que el dolor osteoarticular se asociaba con la movilidad restringida y la depresión (14) . Del mismo modo, un estudio ecuatoriano demostró que los adultos mayores que requieren ayuda debido a la presencia de dolores presentaban depresión entre 13,56 % y 24,03 % (15) .…”