Pain in birds: a review for veterinary nurses

Malik, Aneesa; Valentine, Adina

doi:10.1080/17415349.2017.1395304

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Chicks with SBA also showed reduced confidence in mobility, escape reactions, anxiety, fear or restlessness, and inappetence. These behavioral changes are considered primary indicators of pain in birds [25, 26], indicating that the chicks with SBA experienced pain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2b, c) and exhibited reduced confidence in mobility, escape reactions, anxiety, fear or restlessness, and struggling to change position (Suppl. video 1), major indicators of pain in birds [25, 26]. Thus, suppression of GABAergic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn may cause SBA-related pain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To characterize pain-related behavioral changes, the spontaneous activities of the normal and SBA chicks were videotaped at 08:00 and 20:00 for 30 min at PD-0, PD-2, PD-4, and PD-10 and scored offline. The intensity and number of vocalizations, the primary indicators of pain in birds [25, 26] were characterized by two independent observers. The intensity of vocalization (Frequency Analyzer 2.0; free software), and number of vocalizations per 10 min were assessed in the SBA and normal chicks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suppression of GABAergic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn induces pain-related behavior in a chicken model of spina bifida

Khan

Nabeka

Islam

et al. 2019

Preprint

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28Spina bifida aperta (SBA), one of the most common congenital malformations, causes various 29 neurological disorders. Pain is a common complaint of patients with SBA. However, little is 30 known about the neuropathology of SBA-related pain. Because loss of γ-aminobutyric acid 31 (GABA)ergic neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn is associated with pain, we hypothesized the 32 existence of cross-talk between SBA-related pain and alterations in GABAergic transmission in 33 the spinal cord. Therefore, we investigated the kinetics of GABAergic transmission in the spinal 34 cord dorsal horn in a chicken model of SBA. Neonatal chicks with SBA exhibited various pain- 35 like behaviors, such as an increased number of vocalizations with elevated intensity (loudness) 36 and frequency (pitch), reduced mobility, difficulty with locomotion, and escape reactions. 37Furthermore, the chicks with SBA did not respond to standard toe-pinching, indicating disruption 38 of the spinal cord sensorimotor networks. These behavioral observations were concomitant with 39 loss of GABAergic transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn. We also found apoptosis of 40 GABAergic neurons in the superficial dorsal horn in the early neonatal period, although cellular 41 abnormalization and propagation of neurodegenerative signals were evident at middle to 42 advanced gestational stages. In conclusion, ablation of GABAergic neurons induced alterations 43 in spinal cord neuronal networks, providing novel insights into the pathophysiology of SBA-44 related pain-like complications.45 46 Apoptosis 3 48 Introduction 49 Spina bifida aperta (SBA), a neural-tube defect (NTD) that causes lifelong neurological 50 complications, develops in approximately 1 in 1,000 neonates worldwide [1]. SBA is primarily 51 characterized by defective fusion of the neural tube, which causes in utero deformities in the 52 exposed spinal [2-5]. Such spinal cord deformities lead to varying degrees of motor and/or 53 sensory deficits, resulting in neurological disorders such as spinal ataxia, paralysis of the legs, 54 problems with bowel and bladder control, and pain complications [5-8]. NTD-induced pain is a 55 common complaint of SBA patients of any age [8-10]. Individuals with SBA frequently have 56 various risk factors for pain, such as musculoskeletal deformities, clogged/infected shunts, urinary 57 tract infections, bowel problems, and suboptimal positioning [11,12]. However, little is known 58 about the pathophysiology of pain in SBA. Thus, research in animal models of SBA is needed to 59 better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and to develop novel 60 therapeutic interventions.61 The pain experienced by people with NTD may be nociceptive or neuropathic or a 62 combination thereof [8]. A loss of inhibitory transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn is 63 important in the development of chronic pain. Spinal cord injury-induced loss of γ-aminobutyric 64 acid (GABA)ergic neurons, the principle inhibitory interneurons, in the superficial dorsal...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suppression of GABAergic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn induces pain-related behavior in a chicken model of spina bifida

Khan

Nabeka

Islam

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Just catching them for the sampling would have been very stressful for the animals as would holding them tightly for feather removal. Despite this, the plucking of feathers itself is likely to be painful to the birds [17][18][19]. Removing the feathers directly after slaughter allowed for an organized allocation of the individuals to the two sampling methods and for plucking them without an animal experiment application, according to the 3-R Principle [20,21] and, as a positive effect, a shorter legal method without the processing time of an application.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent studies, hormones have mainly been measured in plucked feathers. Using this sampling method presents a problem: the removal of feathers from living birds is traumatic and is thus interpreted as painful [16][17][18][19]. Gentle's book 'Pain in Birds', lists feather removal as a painful intervention [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of an Alternative Feather Sampling Method to Measure Corticosterone

Voit

Merle

Baumgärtner

et al. 2020

Animals

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The most common feather sampling method for feather corticosterone measurement is by plucking the feathers from the bird’s skin. This procedure performed on living, restrained birds is qualified as an animal experiment according to German/European legislation, which has to be applied for from the competent authorities. The Directive 2010/63/EU requires the full implementation of the 3-R Principle of Russel and Burch in animal experiments, which means not only to replace the use of animals, but also to reduce the number of animals used and to refine procedures whenever possible. In response to this issue, the aim of this study was to validate an alternative, less invasive sampling method by cutting feathers close to the skin in comparison to the gold standard of plucking them. For this proof-of-principle study, a conventional poultry husbandry with trial groups of geese (Anser anser domesticus) and ducks (Anas sterilis) was selected. All birds were kept under the same living conditions to standardize the influencing factors regarding husbandry, and thus, their stress levels. Feather samples were collected between the shoulders from 46 geese and 51 ducks, both by cutting as well as by plucking, directly after slaughter for meat production. Feather corticosterone levels were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results were compared using Bland–Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). It could be seen that concordance between corticosterone levels in cut and plucked feathers was rather poor: 0.38 for Anser, and 0.57 for Anas. However, comparing the mean corticosterone values in pg/mm of each species with their respective standard deviations, the differences between the methods were negligible. As the results showed that the differences between the individuals were markedly greater than the differences between the methods, the determination of corticosterone levels in cut feathers is valid compared to using plucked feathers. The validation tests of ELISA showed only acceptable repeatability and reliability. Hence, the results should be verified in further studies. In conclusion, it is recommended for future research to use cut instead of plucked feathers for corticosterone measurement.

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