Pain evaluation after a non-nociceptive stimulus in preterm infants during the first 28days of life

A randomized controlled trial of eye shields and earmuffs to reduce pain response of preterm infants

“…In comparison, previous studies report that developmental care interventions, such as decreasing environmental light and noise, positioning, and grasping have previously been reported to decrease preterm infants' pain scores (Catelin et al, 2005;Sizun et al, 2002), heart rate (Catelin et al, 2005) and hypoxic events (Sizun et al, 2002) during nursing procedures. Although, it should be noted that pain response in these studies was measured during a diaper change (Sizun et al, 2002) and weighing (Catelin et al, 2005), which are not painful procedures, and diaper change has been used in other studies as a contrast to painful procedures (Gibbins et al, 2008;Holsti et al, 2008) and is reported as a non-painful intervention (Rodrigues and Guinsburg, 2013). So whether Sizun et al (2002) and Catelin et al (2005) were measuring responses to a painful or a stressful procedure is not clear, however the developmental care interventions were still efficacious in reducing physiological instability, such as the number of hypoxic events (Sizun et al, 2002), mean heart rate (Catelin et al, 2005) and oxygen desaturation (Sizun et al, 2002).…”

Rede de descanso e ninho: comparação entre efeitos fisiológicos e comportamentais em prematuros

“…Another major advantage of this scale is that it can be used for both stressful procedures such painful procedures (8.14) . In this study, diaper changing was considered a stressful procedure, as well as in other studies (5)(6)(7) .…”

“…Some studies showed that inappropriate care in stressful and/or painful procedures can affect behavioral and physiological parameters in preterm infants (3)(4) . Diaper changing is a routine procedure, but can be stressful for preterm babies (5)(6) and recent studies have recommended non-pharmacological measures to minimize possible damage (5,7) .…”

Editorial: Neonatal Pain

“…Animal model studies for neonatal pain have showed that persistent or repetitive pain increases apoptosis of neurone that could results in anxiety-disorders later in life [7]. In humans, the pain transmission and pain modulation pathways usually start developing from 22nd week of gestation and are fully developed till the age of 2 months [8]. It has been found that neonates subjected to nociceptive stimuli during this vulnerable period undergo long-term epigenetic changes, which affect their brain, neurodevelopment, pain modulation, and pain reactivity into adulthood [9].…”