Pain and uterine contractions during breast feeding in the immediate post-partum period increase with parity

Holdcroft, Anita; Snidvongs, Saowarat; Cason, Angie M.; Doré, Caroline J; Berkley, Karen J.

doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00116-7

Cited by 59 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…We also found that breastfeeding tended to exacerbate postpartum pain and that increased postpartum pain can influence the mothers to avoid breastfeeding immediately after birth. A study in England demonstrated that perceived pain during breastfeeding increases with parity due to stronger contractions 18 . Pain is a multidimensional experience with physiological, psychological and social components, and the pain of childbirth is rated as one of the most intense of all pains, but it is also extremely variable 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's Perceptions of Pain and Discomfort after Childbirth in Angola

Jangsten¹,

Strand²,

Freitas³

et al. 2005

African Journal of Reproductive Health

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Prophylactic treatment against postpartum haemorrhage is a widely investigated area and injection of Oxytocics has been considered as the best choice. The occurrence of postpartum pain and discomfort was studied in a population of birthing women in an overcrowded labour ward in Angola where the oxytocin-filled device Uniject TM was used. This study indicates that birthing women's perceived postpartum pain increases with parity and during breastfeeding, but does not confirm that injection of oxytocin increases pain and discomfort. This is an important finding, since it might facilitate the introduction of a management practice, likely to reduce haemorrhage-related maternal morbidity and mortality after delivery in underprivileged populations. The birthing women were, by and large, satisfied with the care and treatment provided, but the encounters with midwives seem to vary in quality. Further investigation is needed to elucidate parturient women's experience of postpartum pain and their perceptions of the quality of care and treatment. (Afr J Reprod Health 2005; 9[3]:148-158) RÉSUMÉ La perception de la douleur et la gêne chez les femmes après l'accouchement en Angola. Le traitement prophylactique contre l'hémorragie est un domaine qui a été bien étudié et l'injection des oxytoxiques est considérée comme la meilleure option. La survenue de la douleur et de la gêne postpartum à été étudiée chez une population de femmes en train d'accoucher dans une sale d'accouchement en Angola où un instrument plein d'oxytocine, UnijectTM, a été utilisé. L'étude montre que la douleur postpartum perçue chez les femmes en train d'accoucher augmente avec la parité et pendant l'allaitement, mais ne confirme pas que l'injection de l'oxytocine augmente la douleur et la gêne. Ce résultat est important puisqu'il peut faciliter l'introduction d'une pratique de suivi qui probablement réduira la mortalité et la morbidité maternelles liées à l'hémorragie après l'accouchement auprès des populations démunies. Les femmes en train d'accoucher étaient plus ou moins satisfaites des soins et des traitements offerts, mais leurs expériences auprè des sages-femmes semblaient varier en qualité. Il faut advantage études pour élucider l'expérience de la douleur postpartum chez les femmes parturientes ainsi que leur perceptions de la qualité de soin et de traitement. (Rev Afr Santé Reprod 2005; 9[3]:148-158) KEY WORDS: Postpartum haemorrhage, third stage of labour, labour pain, satisfaction with care

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's Perceptions of Pain and Discomfort after Childbirth in Angola

Jangsten¹,

Strand²,

Freitas³

et al. 2005

African Journal of Reproductive Health

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“…31 Subsequently, infants received usual care from their individual physicians. To assess compliance with assigned randomization group, and assess when mature milk production began, a research assistant called mothers daily using a previously validated technique.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Early Limited Formula on Duration and Exclusivity of Breastfeeding in At-Risk Infants: An RCT

et al. 2013

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent public health efforts focus on reducing formula use for breastfed infants during the birth hospitalization. No previous randomized trials report the effects of brief early formula use. The objective of the study was to determine if small formula volumes before the onset of mature milk production might reduce formula use at 1 week and improve breastfeeding at 3 months for newborns at risk for breastfeeding problems. METHODS: We randomly assigned 40 exclusively breastfeeding term infants, 24 to 48 hours old, who had lost ≥5% birth weight to early limited formula (ELF) intervention (10 mL formula by syringe after each breastfeeding and discontinued when mature milk production began) or control (continued exclusive breastfeeding). Our outcomes were breastfeeding and formula use at 1 week and 1, 2, and 3 months. RESULTS: Among infants randomly assigned to ELF during the birth hospitalization, 2 (10%) of 20 used formula at 1 week of age, compared with 9 (47%) of 19 control infants assigned during the birth hospitalization to continue exclusive breastfeeding (P = .01). At 3 months, 15 (79%) of 19 infants assigned to ELF during the birth hospitalization were breastfeeding exclusively, compared with 8 (42%) of 19 controls (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Early limited formula may reduce longer-term formula use at 1 week and increase breastfeeding at 3 months for some infants. ELF may be a successful temporary coping strategy for mothers to support breastfeeding newborns with early weight loss. ELF has the potential for increasing rates of longer-term breastfeeding without supplementation based on findings from this RCT.

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“…Reproductive history also may be important to document. For example, pain during breastfeeding in the first week postpartum is directly predicted by parity, with women who have given birth to more children experiencing more pain [87]. Conversely, in the laboratory (and not in close proximity to birth), multiparous women have higher pain thresholds than nulliparous women [82].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: A consensus report

Greenspan

Craft

LeResche

et al. 2007

Pain

Self Cite

861

633

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In September 2006, members of the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain met to discuss the following: (1) what is known about sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia; (2) what are the "best practice" guidelines for pain research with respect to sex and gender; and (3) what are the crucial questions to address in the near future? The resulting consensus presented herein includes input from basic science, clinical and psychosocial pain researchers, as well as from recognized experts in sexual differentiation and reproductive endocrinology. We intend this document to serve as a utilitarian and thought-provoking guide for future research on sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia, both for those currently working in this field as well as those still wondering, "Do I really need to study females?" Keywords Sex differences; Gonadal hormones; Estrogens The case for studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesiaThe pain field has moved from debating whether sex differences in pain exist to recognizing the importance of these differences. Attention is now directed toward understanding (1) what conditions lead to the expression of sex and gender differences in pain experience and reactivity, (2) what mechanisms underlie these differences, and (3) how these differences can inform clinical management of pain.As noted in a recent review, at least 79% of animal studies published in Pain over the preceding 10 years included male subjects only, with a mere 8% of studies on females only, and another 4% explicitly designed to test for sex differences (the rest did not specify) [142]. Given the substantially greater prevalence of many clinical pain conditions in women vs. men [20,199], and growing evidence for sex differences in sensitivity to experimental pain and to analgesics [21,41,213], we recommend that all pain researchers consider testing their hypotheses in both sexes, or if restricted by practical considerations, only in females. It is invalid to assume that data obtained in male subjects will generalize to females, and the best non-human model of the modal human pain sufferer -a woman -is a female animal. If only males are examined in a given study, it is important that a rationale for exclusion of females be provided and that the potential limitation in generalizability of the findings be addressed in the discussion, particularly when examining a pain phenomenon that occurs with greater prevalence or severity in females. In both preclinical and clinical studies, a comparison of both sexes will further our understanding of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and analgesia, thus improving our ability to treat and prevent pain in all people. General considerationsTwo issues of terminology are important. First, the term "sex" refers to biologically based differences, while the term "gender" refers to socially based phenomena. Although biological sex exerts a major influence on one's gender identity, sex and gender a...

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Pain and uterine contractions during breast feeding in the immediate post-partum period increase with parity

Cited by 59 publications

References 27 publications

Women's Perceptions of Pain and Discomfort after Childbirth in Angola

Women's Perceptions of Pain and Discomfort after Childbirth in Angola

Effect of Early Limited Formula on Duration and Exclusivity of Breastfeeding in At-Risk Infants: An RCT

Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: A consensus report

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