Pain and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia Spectrum in Community-Dwelling Older Americans: A Nationally Representative Study

Association between chronic pain and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The included studies in this meta-analysis were conducted across eight countries: the United States (Wang et al 2022 ; Wang and Liu 2021 ; Khalid et al 2022 , 2020 ; Innes and Sambamoorthi 2020 ; Whitlock et al 2017 ; George et al 2020 ), China (Tzeng et al 2018 ; Cheng et al 2022 ; Kao et al 2021 ; Chen et al 2018 ; Huang et al 2015 ), France (Rouch et al 2022 ), the United Kingdom (Kostov et al 2019 ), Korea (Kao et al 2021 ; Lee et al 2019 ), Norway (Hagen et al 2014 ), Canada (Morton et al 2019 ), and Denmark (Islamoska et al 2020 ). All of these studies were population-based and involved a total of 842,806 subjects, including 132,445 patients with chronic pain.…”

“…All of these studies were population-based and involved a total of 842,806 subjects, including 132,445 patients with chronic pain. Among the included studies, one was cross-sectional (Wang et al 2022 ) and two were case–control designs (Lee et al 2019 ; Chen et al 2018 ), while the remaining 16 studies were cohort studies. Eighteen studies examined the risk of developing dementia after a diagnosis of chronic pain (Wang and Liu 2021 ; Khalid et al 2022 , 2020 ; Innes and Sambamoorthi 2020 ; Whitlock et al 2017 ; Rouch et al 2022 ; Tzeng et al 2018 ; Cheng et al 2022 ; Kao et al 2021 ; Hurh et al 2022 ; Morton et al 2019 ; Hagen et al 2014 ; Islamoska et al 2020 ; George et al 2020 ; Lee et al 2019 ; Kostov et al 2019 ; Chen et al 2018 ; Huang et al 2015 ), and one study explored the comorbidity of dementia in patients with chronic pain (Wang et al 2022 ).…”

“…The gender distribution was generally balanced across the included studies, but the median/mean age varied among the studies, mostly being over 50 years, except for two studies where age information was not reported (Islamoska et al 2020 ; Huang et al 2015 ), and one study that included individuals aged > 20 years (Hagen et al 2014 ). Fifteen cohort studies had follow-up periods ranging from 2 to 16 years, while one study did not provide follow-up duration (Wang et al 2022 ; Lee et al 2019 ; Chen et al 2018 ). Age, gender, and comorbidities were matched and/or adjusted for in all studies.…”

“…Table 2 shows that all cohort studies are of high quality (Scores of 8 to 11 are considered high quality). Despite the absence of follow-up data, this is because the cross-sectional design does not require follow-up data (Wang et al 2022 ).…”

“…There is growing evidence indicating that the health consequences of pain are associated with the onset and progression of dementia (Whitlock et al 2017 ; Belin and Gatt 2006 ; Wang et al 2022 ; Wang and Liu 2021 ; Khalid et al 2022 , 2020 ; Innes and Sambamoorthi 2020 ; Whitlock et al 2017 Aug 1b ; Rouch et al 2022 ; Tzeng et al 2018 ; Cheng et al 2022 ; Kao et al 2021 ; Hurh et al 2022 ; Morton et al 2019 ; Hagen et al 2014 ; Islamoska et al 2020 ; George et al 2020 ; Lee et al 2019 ; Kostov et al 2019 ; Chen et al 2018 ; Huang et al 2015 ), which is a critical issue. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, are increasingly prevalent worldwide due to the rapid aging of the global population.…”