PAHs in Air Adjacent to Two Inland Water Bodies

Gardner, Brian; Hewitt, C. Nicholas; Jones, Kevin C.

doi:10.1021/es00009a037

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Ambient particle‐phase PAHs are present across a range of particle sizes, but are typically on aerosols 0.1 to 1.5 μm in diameter in the environment, away from roads and other point sources [52–54]. The obvious implication of the findings here is that the PUF disks are effective at trapping these very fine particles, which move in air essentially as gases, rather than as coarse particles (> 10 μm), which are subject to gravitational settling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe

Jaward

Farrar

Harner

et al. 2004

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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166

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This study presents concurrently sampled ambient air data for a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) at the continental scale. This was achieved with a passive air sampling system, by deploying polyurethane foam disks, which were prepared in one laboratory, sealed to prevent contamination, sent out by courier to volunteers participating in different countries, exposed for six weeks, collected, resealed, and returned to the laboratory for analysis. The study area was Europe, a region with a history of extensive persistent organic pollutants usage and emission, and with marked national differences in population density, the degree of urbanization and industrial and agricultural development. Samplers were deployed at remote, rural, and urban locations in 22 countries. Calculated air concentrations were broadly in line with those obtained by conventional active air sampling techniques, for both compound classes and for compounds existing predominantly in the gas and particle phases. The geographical compound distribution reflected suspected regional emission patterns and highlighted localized source areas. Both PAH and PCN levels varied by more than two orders of magnitude. The implications for sources are discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe

Jaward

Farrar

Harner

et al. 2004

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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166

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“…The lake is situated at latitude 54ЊN and an altitude of 65 m in a region of cool oceanic climate and high annual rainfall (ϳ2 m yr Ϫ1 ), and has been extensively used for scientific purposes. However, the majority of the chemical studies that have been carried out so far have been on trace metals and nutrients (Davison 1980;Tipping et al 1981;Davison et al 1982;Tipping and Woof 1983;Hilton and Lishman 1985;Heaney et al 1986) and studies of the trace organics in the lake have just recently begun (Sanders et al 1992;Gardner et al 1995;Gevao et al 1997;1998a,b). There is no known point source of PCBs in the catchment area.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a complete mass balance and model for PCBs and PAHs in a small rural lake, Cumbria U.K.

Gevao

Hamilton−Taylor

Jones

2000

Limnology & Oceanography

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This paper summarizes the processes of exchange/fluxes for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a small well-studied rural lake, Esthwaite Water in northwest England. Measurements of PCB and PAH concentrations have been made in rain, air, water, dated sediment cores, and sediment trap samples over a 2-yr study period and used to determine fluxes to and from the lake. A steady state mass balance model was used to construct an input-output budget for the chemicals and to investigate the relative importance of transport into and out of the lake. The hydraulic transport from the lake was the most important loss mechanism for both PCBs and PAHs. Volatilization, not sedimentation, is currently the dominant loss process for PCBs in the water column, whereas, sedimentation exceeds volatilization for PAHs. The data further suggest that the current sediment-water flux is upward for PCBs and downwards for PAHs, indicating that the sediments might be acting as a secondary source for PCBs but continue to act as a sink for PAHs. Riverine, catchment runoff, or both are believed to be the most important input for PCBs and PAHs to the lake although direct aerial deposition to the lake is also important for PCBs. Differences in the mixtures of compounds in the various compartments suggests significant fractionation of PCBs and PAHs in the air-water-sediment system in the lake.

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“…It is known that some of these PAHs are mutagenic and carcinogenic and some of them are associated with acute and chronic health problems and therefore may have a potential health impact on human (IARC 1984;Menzie et al 1992;Nielson et al 1996;Fang et al 2004). In the last decade, more and more data on airborne concentrations of PAH have become available from many industrialized countries around the world such as Brazil (84.5 ng m −3 ; Tavares et al 2004), China (170-490 ng m −3 ; Simoneit et al 1991), UK (20-164 ng m −3 ; Coleman et al 1997;Gardner et al 1995), USA (48.3-58.3 ng m −3 ; Simick et al 1997), Urban Malaysia (7-9 ng m −3 ; Fang et al 1999;Omar et al 2002), Urban Heraclion (21.4-59 ng m −3 ; Gogou et al 1996). However, for less developed nations, the availability of data is far less.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an industrial site in India

Rajput

Lakhani

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were measured in Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) from December 2005 to August 2006 at Nunhai, an industrial site in Agra (India). Particulate matter samples were collected on glass fibre filters using High Volume Sampler (HVS-430) and were extracted using dichloromethane with ultrasonication and analyzed by GC. Total PAH concentration varies between 0.04 to 2.5 microg m(-3) accounting only 1.6 x 10(-3)% of TSPM. The mass distribution in air was dominated by high molecular weight DbA, BghiP, BaP, BkF and IP. Combustion PAH (CPAH) except BeP represents 58% of the total PAH mass and IARC classified total carcinogenic PAH accounting 63% of TPAH concentration. Correlation studies between PAH revealed the contribution of low molecular weight PAH was mainly due to primary emission from diesel exhaust while high molecular weight PAH were formed during combustion. The presence of specific tracers and calculation of characteristic molecular diagnostic ratios Fla/(Fla + Pyr), BaP/(BaP + Chy), BaA/(BaA + Chy), IP/(IP + BghiP), BaP/BghiP and IP/BghiP) were used to identify the sources of the emissions of PAHs in the atmospheric samples. Seasonal variation in atmospheric PAH showed four fold increase in winter concentration than summer. The BaP and relative BaP amount calculated from the measurements suggested that photo-oxidation may also be responsible for the variation in PAH concentrations during winter and summer. Seasonal trends in atmospheric PAH concentration in the study area were influenced by fossil fuel usage for domestic heating, boundary height and temperature.

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PAHs in Air Adjacent to Two Inland Water Bodies

Cited by 43 publications

References 16 publications

Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe

Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe

Towards a complete mass balance and model for PCBs and PAHs in a small rural lake, Cumbria U.K.

Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an industrial site in India

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