Paedogenesis in the dipteran insect<i>Heteropeza pygmaea:</i>an interpretation

Went, Dirk F.

doi:10.1080/01651269.1979.10553296

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In imaginal reproduction, oogenesis is comparable to that in other insects with meroistic-polytrophic ovarioles (Camenzind, 1966;Went, 1979;Tissot, I 980). The ovaries produce follicles that remain within the ovaries during their growth (Fig.…”

Section: Heteropeza P Y G M a E A (Cecidomyiidae Diptera)mentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Oogenesis in paedogenetic reproduction is considerably modified as compared to oogenesis in imaginal reproduction (Went, 1977(Went, , 1979. In paedogenesis, the larval ovaries produce between 20 and 40 female-and/or male-determined follicles (Panelius, 1968;Went, 1974), which are released into the haemolymph of the larva (Hauschteck,I 962).…”

Section: Heteropeza P Y G M a E A (Cecidomyiidae Diptera)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(From Went, 1979. ) 3 3 5 of embryogenesis into oogenesis (Went, 1972(Went, , 1979 Camenzind & Went, 1979). This shift includes premature termination of meiosis and initiation of embryonic development.…”

Section: Heteropeza P Y G M a E A (Cecidomyiidae Diptera)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Egg Activation and Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Insects

Went

1982

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. Many insects reproduce by parthenogenesis. In one of the largest orders of the animal kingdom, the Hymenoptera, most of its members reproduce by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Egg activation in parthenogenetic animals obviously cannot be caused by fertilization of the egg. The question of what initiates egg development in parthenogenetically reproducing animals has been studied for a few insect species and is discussed in this article. 2. The grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis is one of several Orthoptera displaying accidental parthenogenesis. In this species, egg laying provides the stimulus to the completion of meiosis and start of embryonic development in unfertilized and probably also in fertilized eggs. The same holds true for the dipteran insect Drosophila melanogaster which exhibits rudimentary parthenogenesis, and for D. mercatorum showing accidental parthenogenesis. The precise way in which oviposition affects the egg is unknown. 3. The stick insect Carausius morosus reproduces by obligatory thelytoky. The triggering factor for removal of the meiotic block and initiation of embryonic development is oxygen from the air which penetrates to the egg through the micropyle immediately after oviposition. The oviposition act itself is not necessary for activation of the egg. 4. Comparative studies of the different types of oogenesis in the dipteran insect Heteropeza pygmaea show that in paedogenetically developing follicles meiotic arrest in prophase is of very short duration and a meiotic block at the end of oogenesis is absent. It is suggested that in this case triggering events for egg development are dispensable. On the other hand, under certain experimental conditions a meiotic block can be established in some of these follicles. 5. Investigations on the Ichneumonid wasp Pimpla turionellae have shown that unfertilized, male‐determined eggs ‐ and most likely also fertilized, femaledetermined eggs ‐ are activated by mechanical stress exerted on the eggs during natural or imitated oviposition. This mechanical stress, in addition, activates a streaming system which is independent of meiotic completion and nuclear multiplication. Egg activation by egg distortion is also found in the Pteromalid species Nasonia vitripennis and occurs presumably in many other Hymenoptera. 6. Carausius morosus, Pimpla turionellae and Nasonia vitripennis are species with parthenogenetic reproduction for which the natural factors responsible for the initiation of egg development have been identified. The cases of Pimpla turionellae and Nasonia vitripennis are of particular interest because of the feasibility of artificially imitating the natural activating mechanism. 7. It is concluded that apart from fertilization various events at oviposition may trigger egg development. In addition, the occurrence of rudimentary parthenogenesis in many sexually reproducing animal species suggests that sperm entry and fertilization may frequently be necessary for the continuation of egg development rather than for its initiation.

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Section: Heteropeza P Y G M a E A (Cecidomyiidae Diptera)mentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Heteropeza P Y G M a E A (Cecidomyiidae Diptera)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Egg Activation and Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Insects

Went

1982

Biological Reviews

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“…Typically, paedogenetic reproduction ensues but is always delayed by at least several days, and fewer embryos are brooded (see also Went 1975Went , 1979. Typically, paedogenetic reproduction ensues but is always delayed by at least several days, and fewer embryos are brooded (see also Went 1975Went , 1979.…”

Section: Developmental Timingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…are a monophyletic assemblage (Kristensen 1991) in which complete metamorphosis is a shared feature. 1; reviewed in Went 1979). However, several gall midges (Diptera of the family Cecidomyiidae) and one beetle (Micromalthus debilis, family Micromalthidae) have a facultative, larvally-reproductive life cycle known as paedogenesis (Wagner 1862;Felt 1911;Barber 1913;Scott 1938;Wyatt 1961Wyatt , 1963Wyatt , 1964Wyatt , 1967.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel alterations in the timing of ovarian Ecdysone Receptor and Ultraspiracle expression characterize the independent evolution of larval reproduction in two species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Hodin¹,

Riddiford²

2000

Development Genes and Evolution

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Although most insects reproduce in the adult stage, facultative larval or pupal reproduction (paedogenesis) has evolved at least six times independently in insects, twice in gall midges of the family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Paedogenesis in gall midges involves the precocious growth and differentiation of the ovary in an otherwise larval form. We have previously shown that the timing of expression of the Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) and Ultraspiracle (USP), the two proteins that constitute the functional receptor for the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, regulates the timing and progression of ovarian differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Here we test the hypothesis that precocious activation of EcR and USP in the ovaries of paedogenetic gall midges allows for precocious ovarian differentiation. Using monoclonal antibodies directed against insect EcR and USP proteins, we first show that when these gall midges are reared under conditions that promote typical, metamorphic development, up- regulation of EcR and USP occurs in the final larval stage. By contrast, in the paedogenetic life cycle, EcR and USP are up-regulated early in the first larval stage. A similar pattern is seen for two independently-evolved paedogenetic gall midges, Heteropeza pygmaea and Mycophila speyeri. We discuss our results in the context of developmental constraints on the evolution of paedogenesis in dipteran insects.

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Plasticity and constraints in development and evolution

Hodin

2000

J. Exp. Zool.

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Morphological similarities between organisms may be due to either homology or homoplasy. Homologous structures arise by common descent from an ancestral form, whereas homoplasious structures are independently derived in the respective lineages. The finding that similar ontogenetic mechanisms underlie the production of the similar structures in both lineages is not sufficient evidence of homology, as such similarities may also be due to parallel evolution. Parallelisms are a class of homoplasy in which the two lineages have come up with the same solution independently using the same ontogenetic mechanism. The other main class of homoplasy, convergence, is superficial similarity in morphological structures in which the underlying ontogenetic mechanisms are distinct. I argue that instances of convergence and parallelism are more common than is generally realized. Convergence suggests flexibility in underlying ontogenetic mechanisms and may be indicative of developmental processes subject to phenotypic plasticity. Parallelisms, on the other hand, may characterize developmental processes subject to constraints. Distinguishing between homology, parallelisms and convergence may clarify broader taxonomic patterns in morphological evolution.

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Paedogenesis in the dipteran insectHeteropeza pygmaea:an interpretation

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Egg Activation and Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Insects

Egg Activation and Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Insects

Parallel alterations in the timing of ovarian Ecdysone Receptor and Ultraspiracle expression characterize the independent evolution of larval reproduction in two species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Plasticity and constraints in development and evolution

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