Padrões espaciais na distribuição de abelhas Euglossina (Hymenoptera, Apidae) da região Neotropical

Abstract

Abelhas das orquídeas (Apini, Euglossina) apresentam distribuição principalmente Neotropical, com cerca de 200 espécies e cinco gêneros descritos. Muitos levantamentos locais de fauna estão disponíveis na literatura, mas estudos comparativos sobre a composição e distribuição dos Euglossina são ainda escassos. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os dados disponíveis de 29 assembleias a fim de entender os padrões gerais de distribuição espacial nas áreas amostradas ao longo do Neotrópico. Métodos de ordenação (DCA e NMDS) foram utilizados para descrever os agrupamentos de assembleias de acordo com as ocorrências de abelhas das orquídeas. As localidades de florestas da América Central e da Amazônia formaram grupos coesos em ambas as análises, enquanto as localidades de Mata Atlântica ficaram mais dispersas nos gráficos. Localidades na margem leste da Amazônia aparecem como áreas de transição características entre esta sub-região e a Mata Atlântica. As análises de variância entre o primeiro eixo da DCA e variáveis selecionadas apresentaram valores significantes quanto à influência dos gradientes de latitude, longitude e precipitação, bem como das sub-regiões biogeográficas nos agrupamentos das assembleias. O padrão geral encontrado é congruente com os padrões biogeográficos previamente propostos para a região Neotropical. Os resultados do DCA auxiliam ainda a identificar, de forma independente, os elementos das faunas de cada uma das formações vegetais estudadas.

Areas of endemism in the Atlantic Forest: quantitative biogeography insights from orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini)

“…This study aimed at identifying areas of endemism in the Atlantic Forest characterized by distributional patterns of orchid bees by means gridcell analyses (PAE and NDM). Furthermore, it also complements previous studies that analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of orchid bees along the different subregions of the Neotropics (not only the Atlantic Forest) using ordination procedures to describe the groups of assemblages according to occurrences of euglossine bees (Nemésio and Silveira 2007;Sydney et al 2010).…”

“…However, we are aware that some authors have argued that the Atlantic Forest is non-monophyletic because the northern part of the Atlantic Forest is a sistergroup taxon of the Southeast Amazonia component (e.g., Nihei and de Carvalho, 2007). Notwithstanding the discussion regarding the monophyly of the Atlantic Forest as a biogeographic unit, it is the consensus that the Atlantic Forest is divided into two subregions (north and south) (Amorim and Pires 1996;Costa et al 2000;Sydney et al 2010;DaSilva and Pinto-da-Rocha 2011;López-Uribe et al 2014; this analysis).…”

“…Consensus areas of endemism identified by NDM/VNDM based on 1-and 3-degree grid-cells, as shown in Figure 2 (letters a-g) Letter (Figure 2) Number of cells general distribution, we can observe at least one area of endemism (sometimes two or three) in the north and at least two areas (sometimes three) in the south (Amorim and Pires, 1996: primates and dipterans;da Silva et al 2004: birds;Costa et al 2000: mammals;Tyler et al 1994: butterflies;Pinto-da-Rocha and DaSilva 2005: opiliones). The different numbers of areas of endemism identified by these studies may be due to the use of different grid-cell sizes, different diversification models for the animals used in each study, and the number of sampling sites (Sydney et al 2010) because having a small number of surveys conducted in a region may erroneously increase the possible number of endemic species in that region or its subregions.…”

Orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the coastal forests of southern Brazil: diversity, efficiency of sampling methods and comparison with other Atlantic forest surveys

“…The surveys from the present study, in Morro do Capim and Reserva Natural do Rio Cachoeira, were indicated by the codes SP3 and PR3, respectively. The selection of works to the DCA analysis was based on criteria suggested by Sydney et al (2010), with a slight modification regarding the sampling time during the year: (i) euglossine male bees collected using scent baits, either through traps and/or active collecting; (ii) at least three compounds used, one of them being, necessarily, cineole or eucalyptol; (iii) fieldwork for at least eight months, with monthly, fortnightly or seasonal samples, but comprising necessarily the rainy season. When a paper presented results obtained in different but nearby sites, data were assembled to represent a single sample.…”

“…The data matrix was submitted to a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) using the software Past (Hammer et al 1999(Hammer et al -2011. Ordination techniques were used since they allow the reduction of the information related to the differences among areas, with respect to its species composition, to a few variation axes, which facilitates the visualization and interpretation of the results (see Sydney et al, 2010).…”