Paddy and wheat stubble blazing in Haryana and Punjab states of India: A menace for environmental health

Abstract

Paddy and wheat cropping is a widespread farming practice in northwestern parts of India, primarily in the riverine plains of Haryana and Punjab. These fertile lands are well known for extensive agricultural fields; however, they are equally infamous for the burning of paddy and wheat straw and stubble by farmers after the harvesting season. In India, it is reckoned that 22,289 gigagrams (Gg) of paddy stubble biomass is generated annually, and of this 13,915 Gg (62.42%) is set ablaze in the agricultural fields. Haryana and Punjab alone produce 48% of the whole straw production in India, which is openly burned in situ. Burning of farm residue emits various trace gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and sulfur oxides (SOX), as well as huge quantities of particulate matter (PM), including PM of 10 microns or less (PM10) and 2.5 microns or less (PM2.5), into the atmosphere, causing negative impacts on human health and exacerbating global warming. It is estimated that the burning of one metric tonne (2,204.6 pounds) of straw releases 3 kilograms (kg) of PM, 60 kg of CO, 1,460 kg of CO2, 199 kg of ash, and 2 kg of SO2, causing significant global warming and acid rain. The major problems faced by the local people are eye irritation, dryness of eyes, lung diseases, and chest congestion. The National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi, Haryana, and Punjab faced a disastrous smog impact during October 2016, and November 2017. These incidents led to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis, bronchitis, cataract, corneal opacity, blindness, and air pollution (smog), especially indoor air pollution, which is also a risk factor for developing pulmonary tuberculosis. Because of severe air pollution, Delhi NCR alone experiences approximately 20,000 premature deaths annually. Cases of road accidents also increase during periods of stubble burning due to poor visibility. The emissions also contribute to haze, global warming, and climate change. In India, the National Green Tribunal prohibited this antediluvian farm practice of straw burning in the pollution‐racked city of New Delhi and the adjacent state of Haryana and, just to the northwest, Punjab. One of the methods that can be used to reduce this menace is incorporation of the straw into the soil, which eventually enhances soil fertility. The crop residue material can also be used for compost formation as a traditional approach. In addition, alternate energy resources can be generated from this agro‐biomass. Further, over the past decades, many conversion processes were developed to produce alternate biofuels in different forms (pellets, briquettes) from crop residues. An integrated crop residue management approach is the need of the hour to control this human‐induced catastrophe.

Impact of lockdown and crop stubble burning on air quality of India: a case study from wheat-growing region

“…The states of Punjab and Haryana have 11.86% and 8.55% of area under wheat cultivation (MoAFW, 2018 ). Wheat harvesting takes place every year from mid-April to mid-May (Singh, 2018 ). After that, the wheat stubble is burned to clear the land for the next farming season.…”

Agro-industrial-residues as potting media: physicochemical and biological characters and their influence on plant growth

“…Among all residue management options (burning, bailing, in situ incorporation in the soil, removal), burning is considered the most feasible method by farmers. Consequently, the burning of one ton of PS produces about 1460 kg CO 2 , 3 kg particulate matter, 60 kg CO, 199 kg ash, and 2 kg SO 2 [ 197 ]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, furans are some carcinogenic compounds that are also released during the burning of PS [ 198 ].…”

Alternative Uses, in and off-Field Managements to Reduce Adverse Impact of Crop Residue Burning on Environment: A Review

“…Each ton of paddy straw contains high amount of nutrients i.e., P 2 O 5 , N, K 2 O, S are 2.3, 5.5, 25 and 1.2 kg respectively and 50-70% of micronutrients absorbed by rice are in straw and 400 kg of carbon [11]. Other than nutrients loss, various soil properties like pH, soil temperature, soil moisture, levels of soil organic matter and available phosphorus in soil are also significantly altered by residue burning in field.…”