Packaging and Demonstration of Optical-Fiber-Coupled Photodiode Array for Operation at 4 K

Bardalen, Eivind; Karlsen, Bjornar; Malmbekk, Helge; Kieler, Oliver; Akram, Muhammad Nadeem; Øhlckers, Per

doi:10.1109/tcpmt.2017.2699485

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The crucial issues surrounding these samples are the mechanical stress between the chip-carrier and the sleeve surrounding the photodiode, and the focus of the laser beam onto the photodiode. Therefore, we have worked on these issues, and the results were published in [9] and [10]. In [9], simulations were performed in COMSOL, which suggested that air gaps as large as 100 μm will only cause a loss of less than 1 dB for a misalignment of up to 45 μm.…”

Section: Photodiode Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the prospect of having an optically operated JAWS system, a prototype photodiode package has previously been developed and tested for viability and dc operation at 4 K by Bardalen et al [9], [10]. This assembly must be able to generate current pulses that have a large enough peak to cover the entire first Shapiro step, and short enough duration to allow for a high pulsation bit rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pulsation of InGaAs Photodiodes in Liquid Helium for Driving Josephson Arrays in AC Voltage Realization

Karlsen

Kieler²,

Behr³

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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A commercially available InGaAs p-in photodiode chip has been custom packaged and high-speed operated in liquid helium. The photodiode was driven by light pulses using a dc-biased 1310-nm laser, a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and a return-to-zero pulse pattern generator up to 15 GHz clock frequencies, which produced pulse widths down to 77 ps and maximum peak current heights above 10 mA. With the prospect of using this photodiode assembly to operate pulse-driven Josephson junction arrays for ac voltage realization, pulsation modes with constant pulse width and varying pulse density were applied to the diode, which resulted in consistent pulse shapes for bit rates as high as 7.5 Gb/s. This could yield realizable peak voltages as high as 15.525 µV per Josephson junction. Time-lapse pulse measurements were performed over the span of 90 min, which demonstrated good waveform stability. Using the measured current waveforms, the behavior of a typical Josephson junction was simulated according to the Stewart-McCumber model, which resulted in an operational margin of 2 mA for the first Shapiro step.

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Section: Photodiode Assemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsation of InGaAs Photodiodes in Liquid Helium for Driving Josephson Arrays in AC Voltage Realization

Karlsen

Kieler²,

Behr³

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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“…A high performance InGaAs PD with an integrated lens (Albis PD20X1) [27] is selected to ensure an output current of up to 7 mA [22] at the operation temperature of 4 K (V bias−PD = 5 V). This bottom illuminated PD was optimized for high data rate of at least 28 Gbit/s and offers excellent dynamic response in the wavelength range between 1260 nm and 1620 nm at 300 K. The upper limit at 4 K is about 1510 nm due to the band gap increase at cryogenic temperatures as described in [21]. Providing a relatively large lens diameter of 100 µm, it is easy to implement it to the setup for a robust and reliable operation.…”

Section: Sns-typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Providing a relatively large lens diameter of 100 µm, it is easy to implement it to the setup for a robust and reliable operation. Detailed optimizations and investigations of the high-speed performance at room-temperature and 4 K were performed [21], [22] and the optical pulse setup is described [23]. Finally, the PD produces the electrical pulses, which are transferred over a comparable short distance of about 4 cm from the custom-made silicon-based PD-chip-carrier (PDCC) to the JAWS chip (see Fig.…”

Section: Sns-typementioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Pulse-Drive for the Pulse-Driven AC Josephson Voltage Standard

Kieler

Karlsen

Øhlckers

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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We developed an optical pulse-drive for the operation of the Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer (JAWS) using a fast photodiode (PD) operated at 4 K, close to the JAWS chip. The optical pulses are transmitted to the PD by an easily removable optical fiber attached to it. A bare-lensed PD is mounted by flipchip technique to a custom-made silicon-carrier chip. This carrier chip is equipped with coplanar waveguides to transmit the electrical pulses from the PD to the JAWS chip mounted on a separate printed circtuit board (PCB). The main components of this optical setup are a laser source, a high-speed Mach-Zehnder modulator, and the modulator driver. The waveform pattern is supplied by a commercial pulse pattern generator providing up to 15 GHz electrical return-to-zero (RTZ)-pulses. Unipolar sinusoidal waveforms were synthesized. Using a JAWS array with 3000 junctions, an effective output voltage of 6.6 mV root mean square (RMS) at the maximum available clock-frequency of 15 GHz was achieved. Higher harmonics were suppressed by more than 90 dBc at laserbias operation margins of more than 1 mA. Index Terms-AC Josephson voltage standard, Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer, SNS Josephson junction, sigma-delta modulation, optical pulse-drive, flip-chip technology. I. INTRODUCTION A FTER many years since the first realization of a pulsedriven AC Josephson voltage standard [1], recent developments in increasing the effective output voltage to 1 V root mean square (RMS) or even more [2]-[5] show that the use of a pulse-driven Josephson voltage standard is an important approach for voltage metrology. This AC Josephson voltage standard is often called "Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer" (JAWS) and it is already used in several NMIs for metrology applications [6]-[15]. For the application in JAWS, the Josephson junctions are operated by short current pulses to Manuscript

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Cryogenic Fiber-coupled Electro-optic Characterization Platform for High-speed Photodiodes

Priyadarshi,

Tian,

Fernandez Scarioni

et al. 2024

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

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We have developed a cryogenic characterization platform for ultrafast photodiodes, whose time domain responses are extracted by electro-optic sampling using femtosecond laser pulses in a pump-probe configuration. The excitation of the photodiodes with the pump beam and the electro-optic sampling crystals with the probe beam are realized in a fully fiber-coupled manner. This allows us to use the characterization platform at different temperatures, ranging from cryogenic to room temperature. As an application example, we characterize the time-domain response of commercial p-i-n photodiodes with a nominal bandwidth of 20 GHz and 60 GHz at temperatures of 4 K and 300 K and in a large parameter range of photocurrent and reverse bias. For these photodiodes, we detect frequency components up to approximately 250 GHz, while the theoretical bandwidth of our sampling method exceeds 1 THz. Our measurements demonstrate a significant excitation power and temperature dependence of the photodiodes’ ultrafast time responses, reflecting, most likely, changes in carrier mobilities and electric field screening. Since our system is an ideal tool to characterize and optimize the response of fast photodiodes at cryogenic temperatures, it has a direct impact on applications in superconducting quantum technology such as the enhancement of optical links to superconducting qubits and quantum-accurate waveform generators.

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Packaging and Demonstration of Optical-Fiber-Coupled Photodiode Array for Operation at 4 K

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Pulsation of InGaAs Photodiodes in Liquid Helium for Driving Josephson Arrays in AC Voltage Realization

Pulsation of InGaAs Photodiodes in Liquid Helium for Driving Josephson Arrays in AC Voltage Realization

Optical Pulse-Drive for the Pulse-Driven AC Josephson Voltage Standard

Cryogenic Fiber-coupled Electro-optic Characterization Platform for High-speed Photodiodes

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