Pacing strategy in a 24-hour ultramarathon race

Takayama, Fuminori; Aoyagi, Atsushi; Nabekura, Yoshiharu

doi:10.1080/24748668.2016.11868904

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…In this regard, an even pace profile avoiding an excessively fast start pacing strategy may be important to avoid premature fatigue as the race progresses and a decrease in speed in the second half of the race. Our CV results are similar to those of Takayama et al ( 2016 ), as they reported that CV of speed was moderately correlated with total distance covered ( r = −0.68; P < 0.001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Study by Knechtle et al (2011) reported anthropometric and training experience of recreational ultramarathon runners completing 146.1 ± 43.1 km in a 24-h ultramarathon in Basel, Switzerland (2008to 2010. In contrast, Takayama et al (2016) analyzed the best 48 male runners who ran more than 161 km in a 24-h ultramarathon in Tokyo, Japan (2014), as a contest to select members of Japan's national team for the world championships. Runners completed from 258.7 to 164.1 km in this later ultramarathon.…”

Section: Practical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the use of high-frequency speed data rather than broad section averages may be needed to reveal how athletes incorporate breaks and walking periods in their pacing strategy. In fact, previous ultramarathon studies (Takayama et al, 2016 ; Bossi et al, 2017 ) have analyzed the 24-h running pacing strategy through 1 h mean data, thus likely disregarding speed variations in intervals lower than 1 h. In this perspective, it could be argued that 1 h time intervals are not long enough to accommodate important speed variations that may reflect either running or walking speeds. Moreover, another critical factor is the presence of breaks or substantial speed reductions (SSR) in ultramarathons, since it has been shown that a lower time spent with active/passive recovery periods was related to the best ultramarathon performance (Kerherve et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing Behavior in a 24-h Ultramarathon

Inoue

Santos

Hettinga

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Purpose: We analyzed the impact of sex, performance level and substantial speed reductions (SSR) on pacing in the VI Rio 24-h Marines Ultramarathon. This will provide insights into the importance of minimizing speed variations in relation to optimal pacing in endurance events.Methods: Runners (30 males and 21 females), classified as high-(HP) and low-performance (LP) ran the race while having their time recorded every 400 m. The pacing was analyzed as the first 10% (initial epoch), the following 80% (intermediate epoch) and the last 10% of the race (final epoch). The time percentage spent at speeds <3.5 km·h −1 (SSR), 3.5 to 5.9 km·h −1 (walking speed), 6.0 to 8.0 km·h −1 (walk-to-running transition speed) and > 8.0 km·h −1 (running speed) was calculated.Results: Runners showed a reverse J-shaped pacing (P < 0.001) regardless of sex and performance level, although male (P < 0.004) and HP runners (P < 0.001) have preserved a higher mean speed throughout the race. Male and HP runners spent more time at running speed (P < 0.001) and less time at SSR (P < 0.001) than female and LP runners. Total distance was inversely correlated with the number of SSR and speed CV in male (r = −0.47 and r = −0.64, respectively) and female (r = −0.61 and r = −0.47, respectively).Conclusion: Male, HP runners showed less SSR, conserving a higher mean speed with less variation throughout the race. Results suggest that conservative pacing strategies, with lower speeds in the beginning and higher speeds toward the end, may be the most adequate for different endurance running disciplines. Results also show different competition dynamics between men and women, which warrants further exploration in ultramarathons as well as other IAAF events.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Practical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Impact of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing Behavior in a 24-h Ultramarathon

Inoue

Santos

Hettinga

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…However, additional factors that likely affect overall performance should also be considered. For example, good pacing strategy [20], prior experience [17], willingness to endure pain and/or mental toughness [9] may be important determinants of performance for mountain runs exceeding 75 km. Thus, specific training interventions should focus on physical fitness, mental preparation and up-and downhill running.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, muscle damage in response to ultra-long distance performance exceeding 70 km might be one possible explanation for the lack of association between race performance and laboratory exercise parameters. It is likely that other factors are important for race performance, e. g. neuromuscular fatigue, prior experience, training history, pacing strategies, nutrition or individual pain threshold [9,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23], though these aspects were not investigated in the present study. It should also be mentioned that the drop-out rate during the long run was high, yet comparable to the literature [14,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Determinants in Short (68 km) and Long (121 km) Mountain Ultra-Marathon Races

Gatterer

Rauch

Procter

et al. 2020

Sportverletz Sportschaden

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Background Standard performance parameters measured during a laboratory test have been shown to be related to mountain ultra-marathon performance up to a competition length of 75 km. It is not known if a similar relationship exists for longer races. Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between laboratory-based performance parameters and performance times in a short (68 km) and a long (121 km) mountain ultra-marathon. Materials and Methods Eleven male finishers of the short race and seven male finishers of the long race were investigated. Participants performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion in the 2 weeks prior to the event. During the event, the heart rate was monitored and finishing times were registered. Results The maximal oxygen consumption and the oxygen uptake at the ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 were related to performance time during the short run (~12h; r = –0.764 up to r = –0.782; p < 0.05), but there was no correlation during the long race (~28h; r = –0.107 to 0.357; p > 0.05). Conclusions This study shows that physical fitness parameters established in a laboratory setting determine competition completion times in ultra-mountain marathon events lasting for ~12 h. During longer races, i. e. ~28 h, other factors not established in the present investigation, such as experience, race strategy, coping with pain and fatigue resistance, may be important for performance.

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