Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content during the warming hiatus

Lee, Sang Ki; Park, Wonsun; Baringer, Molly O’Neil; Gordon, Arnold L.; Huber, Bruce A.; Liu, Yanyun

doi:10.1038/ngeo2438

Cited by 339 publications

(315 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…4), whereas a strong cooling trend in Period II. This suggests that the role of the ITF transports is not crucial in affecting the SIO subsurface temperature on the multi-decadal time scale, although Lee et al (2015) found that the IO heat contents in the upper 700 m had abruptly increased and they were originated from the Pacific via the ITF pathway during 2003-12.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Multi-decadal Variations Of the Tropical Sio Sumentioning

confidence: 92%

Multi-decadal variations of the South Indian Ocean subsurface temperature influenced by Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Zhou

Alves

Marsland

et al. 2017

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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Over recent decades, a strong subsurface cooling trend in the South Indian Ocean (SIO) occurred, despite a continuous sea surface warming. Previous studies suggest this long-term (around 1960-2000) cooling trend is mainly driven by remote Pacific atmospheric forcing or local Indian Ocean (IO) forcing. This study reveals that the dominant driver of the SIO subsurface cooling trend in different periods is closely related to the phase of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Our results suggest that the local IO wind forcing is responsible for the majority of the subsurface cooling trend and overwhelms a weak warming trend induced by the remote tropical Pacific wind forcing during the negativephase period of PDO during 1960-76. However, this situation reverses during the PDO positive-phase period during 1977-98. Our analysis suggests that the PDO strengthens/weakens the tropical Pacific trade winds during negative/ positive phase periods. Furthermore, the multi-decadal variations in the western Pacific induced by PDO impact the SIO subsurface temperature via baroclinic Rossby waves.

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Section: Mechanism Of Multi-decadal Variations Of the Tropical Sio Sumentioning

confidence: 92%

Multi-decadal variations of the South Indian Ocean subsurface temperature influenced by Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Zhou

Alves

Marsland

et al. 2017

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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“…Second, a stronger Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) increased the heat uptake in the intermediate and deep oceans and led to a slowdown of the upper ocean warming (Chen and Tung 2014). Third, the heat redistribution within and/or between ocean basins may generate a global surface warming slowdown (e.g., Lee et al 2015;Nieves et al 2015;Liu et al 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change of the Global Ocean Vertical Heat Transport over 1993–2010

et al. 2017

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A dynamically and data-consistent ocean state estimate during 1993-2010 is analyzed for bidecadal changes in the mechanisms of heat exchange between the upper and lower oceans. Many patterns of change are consistent with prior studies. However, at various levels above 1800 m the global integral of the change in ocean vertical heat flux involves the summation of positive and negative regional contributions and is not statistically significant. The nonsignificance of change in the global ocean vertical heat transport from an ocean state estimate that provides global coverage and regular sampling, spatially and temporally, raises the question of whether an adequate observational database exists to assess changes in the upper ocean heat content over the past few decades. Also, whereas the advective term largely determines the spatial pattern of the change in ocean vertical heat flux, its global integral is not significantly different from zero. In contrast, the diffusive term, although regionally weak except in high-latitude oceans, produces a statistically significant extra downward heat flux during the 2000s. This result suggests that besides ocean advection, ocean mixing processes, including isopycnal and diapycnal as well as convective mixing, are important for the decadal variation of the heat exchange between upper and deep oceans as well. Furthermore, the analyses herein indicate that focusing on any particular region in explaining changes of the global ocean heat content is misleading.

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“…Amongst them, a strong OHC rise in the Indian Ocean stood out, with a temperature trend between 2006 and 2015 accounting for 50-70 % of the global OHC trend above 700 m [49]. Such a rise in the Indian Ocean's OHC presumably originated in the western Pacific following a dynamical response to a shift toward a negative phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, and a subsequent intensification of the heat transport through the Indonesian Archipelago [35].…”

Section: The Unabated Heating Of the Upper Ocean The Global Picture Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observational Advances in Estimates of Oceanic Heating

Desbruyères

McDonagh

King

2016

Curr Clim Change Rep

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Since the early twenty-first century, improvements in understanding climate variability resulted from the growth of the ocean observing system. The potential for a closure of the Earth's energy budget has emerged with the unprecedented coverage of Argo profiling floats, which now provide a decade (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) of invaluable information on ocean heat content changes above 2000 m. The expertise gained from Argo and repeat hydrography sections motivated the extension of the array toward the ocean bottom, which will progressively reveal the poorly known deep ocean and reduce the uncertainty of its presumed 10-15 % contribution to the 2006-2015 global ocean warming trend of 0.65-0.80 W m −2 . The sustainability and synergy of various observing systems helped to corroborate numerical models and decipher the internal variability of distinct ocean basins. Due to unique observations of the circulation in the North Atlantic, particular attention is paid to heat content changes and their relationship to dynamic variability in that region.

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Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content during the warming hiatus

Cited by 339 publications

References 26 publications

Multi-decadal variations of the South Indian Ocean subsurface temperature influenced by Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Multi-decadal variations of the South Indian Ocean subsurface temperature influenced by Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Change of the Global Ocean Vertical Heat Transport over 1993–2010

Observational Advances in Estimates of Oceanic Heating

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