Pacific Ciguatoxins in Food Web Components of Coral Reef Systems in the Republic of Kiribati

Mak, Yim Ling; Wai, Tak Cheung; Murphy, Margaret B.; Chan, Wing Man; Wu, Jiajun; Lam, James C.W.; Chan, Leo Lai; Lam, Paul K.S.

doi:10.1021/es403175d

Cited by 72 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…These results are in agreement with the common knowledge of ciguatera in the region. They also corroborate a study in the Pacific that found a positive correlation between CTX1B levels and δ 15 N, suggesting biomagnification may be occurring due to biotransformation of P-CTX2 and P-CTX3 precursors (aka 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B and 54-deoxyCTX1B, respectively) [45]. In the Pacific, P-CTXs are known to become more potent with metabolization and oxidation as they move up the fish food chain, resulting in a greater risk of ciguatera with large predator fish [37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications

Díaz-Asencio

Clausing

Vandersea

et al. 2019

Toxins

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In Cuba, ciguatera poisoning associated with fish consumption is the most commonly occurring non-bacterial seafood-borne illness. Risk management through fish market regulation has existed in Cuba for decades and consists of bans on selected species above a certain weight; however, the actual occurrence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in seafood has never been verified. From this food safety risk management perspective, a study site locally known to be at risk for ciguatera was selected. Analysis of the epiphytic dinoflagellate community identified the microalga Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus species included six of the seven species known to be present in Cuba (G. caribaeus, G. belizeanus, G. carpenteri, G. carolinianus, G. silvae, and F. ruetzleri). CTX-like activity in invertebrates, herbivorous and carnivorous fishes were analyzed with a radioligand receptor-binding assay and, for selected samples, with the N2A cell cytotoxicity assay. CTX activity was found in 80% of the organisms sampled, with toxin values ranging from 2 to 8 ng CTX3C equivalents g −1 tissue. Data analysis further confirmed CTXs trophic magnification. This study constitutes the first finding of CTX-like activity in marine organisms in Cuba and in herbivorous fish in the Caribbean. Elucidating the structure-activity relationship and toxicology of CTX from the Caribbean is needed before conclusions may be drawn about risk exposure in Cuba and the wider Caribbean. Key Contribution:This study constitutes a first investigation of fish contamination with ciguatoxines (CTXs) in Cuba. CTXs were present at all levels of the food web, including in widespread Caribbean herbivores generally considered safe for consumption. We discuss remaining analytical challenges to assess exposure and hence to develop effective management strategies for the associated foodborne disease. Supplementary Materials:The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/12/722/s1: Figure S1: Toxicity of sampled fish and invertebrate specimens. Horizontal bars represent median RBA analysis among specimens, boxes extend from the 25th to 75th percentiles and whiskers represent min to max specimens RBA values. The horizontal line corresponds to the RBA limit of quantification (LOQ = 1.5 ng CTX3C equiv. g-1). RBA-specimens are not shown. Shaded areas indicate fish species banned by Cuban regulation. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.M.A.-H.; Data curation, L.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications

Díaz-Asencio

Clausing

Vandersea

et al. 2019

Toxins

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“…Most of the items examining this theme were reports that stressed the inherent vulnerability of Kiribati on account of its geography, its population pressures and its problems in terms of environment, economics and isolation. Peer reviewed articles focused on the health impacts of climate change [16,23], and on food security and risks posed by climate change [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Migration and sociocultural issues impacted by climate change in Kiribati were also explored, further showcasing the complexity of the subject [31,32].…”

Section: Vulnerability Of Kiribati: Urbanisation Environment and Foomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxins are not removed on cooking. Ciguatera seems to be of increasing concern in Kiribati, with three peer-reviewed articles exclusively focusing on the problem [27,28,30].…”

Section: Vulnerability Of Kiribati: Urbanisation Environment and Foomentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change, food security and health in Kiribati: a narrative review of the literature

Cauchi

Correa‐Velez

Bambrick

2019

Global Health Action

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Background : Climate change is recognised as having a ‘multiplier effect’ on food insecurity and adverse health experiences of communities in the Pacific region. Islands are especially at risk due to their limited land availability, population pressures and, in the case of atolls, their low-lying topography making them vulnerable to sea level rise. Aim : This review examines the literature describing the relationship between climate change, food security and health in Kiribati. Method : A narrative review was conducted, looking at both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature available online from 1 January 2008 to 14 August 2018, the search date. Sources from three databases of peer-reviewed literature, Google and additional sources from reference lists were included in the review. Results : Thirty-seven items were included in this review. These show climate change is having a noticeable impact on food security and health in Kiribati. Four themes were identified from the literature that provide different perspectives to the problem outlined. Conclusion : Climate change is a pressing concern for the government of Kiribati and communities alike, and yet the problem is worsening, not improving. Further research is required to look at effective policies and cultural perspectives to address this problem.

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“…Progress has been slow for CTX (e.g., Mak et al, 2013) and PLTXlike compounds (Brissard et al, 2014;Biré et al, 2015). Ecotoxicology tests are revealing a distinctive sensitivity of model organisms to these toxins (e.g., Giussani et al, 2015).…”

Section: Improved and Reliable Detection Of Toxins In Ostreopsis And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmful Algal Blooms in Benthic Systems: Recent Progress and Future Research

Berdalet¹,

Tester²,

Chinain³

et al. 2017

Oceanog.

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Pacific Ciguatoxins in Food Web Components of Coral Reef Systems in the Republic of Kiribati

Cited by 72 publications

References 32 publications

Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications

Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications

Climate change, food security and health in Kiribati: a narrative review of the literature

Harmful Algal Blooms in Benthic Systems: Recent Progress and Future Research

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