PACAP27 regulates ciliary function in primary cultures of rat brain ependymal cells

Mnkkönen, K.S.; Hirst, Robert A.; Laitinen, Jarmo T.; O’Callaghan, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.npep.2008.09.006

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Cilostazol is a specific inhibitor for phosphodiesterase‐3, an enzyme that metabolizes cAMP to AMP, and it also regulates intracellular calcium (Kawanabe et al, ). It has been known that cAMP and calcium could regulate cilia beating frequency (Nguyen et al, ; Monkkonen et al, ; Genzen et al, ), but the differential effect of cilostazol and many other pharmacological agents requires further in‐depth study to advance our understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of different ependymal cell types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three types of ependymal cells with intracellular calcium oscillation are characterized by distinct cilia beating properties

Liu

Jin

Prasad

et al. 2014

J of Neuroscience Research

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Ependymal cells are multiciliated epithelial cells that line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia has been associated with various neurological deficits. For the first time, we report three distinct ependymal cell types, I, II, and III, based on their unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle. These ependymal cells have specific localizations within the third ventricle of the mouse brain. Furthermore, neither ependymal cell types nor their localizations are altered by aging. Our high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis reveals that these ependymal cells have an intracellular pacing calcium oscillation property. Our study further shows that alcohol can significantly repress the amplitude of calcium oscillation and the frequency of ciliary beating, resulting in an overall decrease in volume replacement by the cilia. Furthermore, the pharmacological agent cilostazol could differentially increase cilia beating frequency in type II, but not in type I or type III, ependymal cells. In summary, we provide the first evidence of three distinct types of ependymal cells with calcium oscillation properties.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three types of ependymal cells with intracellular calcium oscillation are characterized by distinct cilia beating properties

Liu

Jin

Prasad

et al. 2014

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…By comparison, the fluid flow observed above the ciliated surface of the lateral and third ventricles of our vibratome sections had a velocity of 80-100 μm/s (Lechtreck et al, 2008), indicating a better preservation of ciliary motility. We analyzed cilia at ambient temperature, which is probably why the CBF was below that reported in other studies (~18 Hz compared to ~40 Hz in rats) (Mönkkönen et al, 2008). The CBF of airway cilia almost doubles when the temperature is increased by 8-10 °C (Delmotte and Sanderson, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

High-Speed Digital Imaging of Ependymal Cilia in the Murine Brain

Lechtreck

Sanderson

Witman

2009

Methods in Cell Biology

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The development and health of mammals requires proper ciliary motility. Ciliated epithelia are found in the airways, the uterus and Fallopian tubes, the efferent ducts of the testes, and the ventricular system of the brain. A technique is described for the motion analysis of ependymal cilia in the murine brain. Vibratome sections of the brain are imaged by differential interference contrast microscopy and recorded by high-speed digital imaging. Side views of individual cilia are traced to establish their bending pattern. Tracking of individual cilia recorded in top view allows determination of bend planarity and beat direction. Ciliary beat frequency is determined from line scans of image sequences. The capacity of the epithelium to move fluid and objects is revealed by analyzing the velocity of polystyrene beads added to brain sections. The technique is useful for detailed assessment of how various conditions or mutations affect the fidelity of ciliary motility at the ependyma. The methods are also applicable to other ciliated epithelia, for example, in airways.

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“…Classical Hypothesis Classical hypothesis advocates the unidirectional cranio-caudate circulation of CSF, from the lateral ventricles [52], where active secretion (volume) alongside the CPs vascular structures pulsations manifest a pump-like activity, forcing the liquid through the ventricular system, an action which is accommodated at a significant extent by the synchronous beating of the ependyma's cilia [72]. The cilia's movements are repeated at a speed of 28-40.7 Hz and are regulated by serotonin, ATP, the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, the melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine [73][74][75][76][77][78]. After passing through the aqueduct of Sylvius and the fourth ventricle, CSF is forced through the lateral foramen of Lushka into the SAS of the cisterns and over the cortex, or through the medial foramen of Magendie to the spinal SAS.…”

Section: Csf Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Fluid Homeostasis and Hydrodynamics: A Review of Facts and Theories

Theologou¹,

Natsis²,

Κούσκουρας³

et al. 2022

Eur Neurol

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Background and Purpose: According to the classical hypothesis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is actively secreted inside the brain’s ventricular system, predominantly by the choroid plexuses, before flowing unidirectionally in a cranio-caudal orientation toward the arachnoid granulations (AGs), where it is reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses. This concept has been accepted as a doctrine for more than 100 years and was subjected only to minor modifications. Its inability to provide an adequate explanation to questions arising from the everyday clinical practice, in addition to the ever growing pool of experimental data contradicting it, has led to the identification of its limitations. Literature includes an increasing number of studies suggesting a more complex mechanism than that previously described. This review article summarizes the proposed mechanisms of CSF regulation, referring to the key clinical and experimental developments supporting or defying them. Methods: A non-systematical literature search of the major databases was performed for studies on the mechanisms of CSF homeostasis. Gray literature was additionally assessed employing a hand-search technique. No restrictions were imposed regarding the time, language, or type of publication. Conclusion: CSF secretion and absorption are expected to take place throughout the entire brain’s capillaries network under the regulation of hydrostatic and osmotic gradients. The unidirectional flow is defied, highlighting the possibility of its complete absence. The importance of AGs is brought into question, potentiating the significance of the lymphatic system as the primary site of reabsorption. However, the definition of hydrocephalus and its treatment strategies remain strongly associated with the classical hypothesis.

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PACAP27 regulates ciliary function in primary cultures of rat brain ependymal cells

Cited by 7 publications

References 62 publications

Three types of ependymal cells with intracellular calcium oscillation are characterized by distinct cilia beating properties

Three types of ependymal cells with intracellular calcium oscillation are characterized by distinct cilia beating properties

High-Speed Digital Imaging of Ependymal Cilia in the Murine Brain

Cerebrospinal Fluid Homeostasis and Hydrodynamics: A Review of Facts and Theories

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