“…Moreover, two ligands of CCR5, CCL5 and CCL4, block the neurotoxic effect of gp120 (Kaul et al, 2007) suggesting that CCL5 may prevent/displace gp120BaL from binding to neuronal CCR5. However, CCL5 has also been shown to be protective against numerous neurotoxic insults including N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (Bruno et al, 2000), β-amyloid (Tripathy et al, 2010), and glutamate (Brenneman et al, 2002; Lin et al, 2011) as well as other HIV proteins (Brenneman et al, 2002; Kaul et al, 2007; Rozzi et al, 2014). Moreover, CCL5 enhances neurite formation and dendritic arborization (Chou et al, 2008), two hallmarks shared by neurotrophic factors.…”