Pacap

Gray, Sarah L.; Cline, Daemon L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813146-6.00021-7

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…A neurotrophic factor, PACAP promotes cell survival of multiple neuron types including progenitor cells, dorsal root ganglion cells, cerebellar granule cells, and peripheral sympathetic neurons (Stroth et al, 2011). Importantly, PACAP has been shown to increase cell survival in response to stressor exposure (Stroth et al, 2013), and regulates CRF via upstream activation in several stress-related regions to modulate CRF release and subsequent HPA axis activation (Gray and Cline, 2019). PACAP and its cognate G-protein coupled receptor, PAC1, are highly expressed in areas that project to the HPA axis, including the PVN where PACAP is heavily co-localized with CRF neurons (Hannibal et al, 1995).…”

Section: Bnst Neuropeptides Involved In Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models

Miles

Maren

2019

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) afflicts approximately 8% of the United States population and represents a significant public health burden, but the underlying neural mechanisms of this and other anxiety- and stressor-related disorders are largely unknown. Within the last few decades, several preclinical models of PSTD have been developed to help elucidate the mechanisms underlying dysregulated fear states. One brain area that has emerged as a critical mediator of stress-related behavioral processing in both clinical and laboratory settings is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The BNST is interconnected with essential emotional processing regions, including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. It is activated by stressor exposure and undergoes neurochemical and morphological alterations as a result of stressor exposure. Stress-related neuro-peptides including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) are also abundant in the BNST, further implicating an involvement of BNST in stress responses. Behaviorally, the BNST is critical for acquisition and expression of fear and is well positioned to regulate fear relapse after periods of extinction. Here, we consider the role of the BNST in stress and memory processes in the context of preclinical models of PTSD.

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Section: Bnst Neuropeptides Involved In Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models

Miles

Maren

2019

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors bind both PACAP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a structurally related peptide hormone, while the PAC1 receptor is specific for PACAP. 2,3 Within the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, PACAP has shown a role in the regulation of the sympathetic response to psychogenic and systemic stress both centrally at the hypothalamus and peripherally from the adrenal medulla (reviewed in 1,4,5 ). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) responds to stress via neural tracts consisting of a preganglionic neuron and one of two functionally similar but anatomically different models: a postganglionic neuron or a chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla (reviewed in 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors bind both PACAP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a structurally related peptide hormone, while the PAC1 receptor is specific for PACAP 2,3 . Within the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, PACAP has shown a role in the regulation of the sympathetic response to psychogenic and systemic stress both centrally at the hypothalamus and peripherally from the adrenal medulla (reviewed in 1,4,5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference gene recommendations and PACAP receptor expression in murine sympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system that innervate adipose tissues after chronic cold exposure

Pandher

Rahim

Timms

et al. 2023

J Neuroendocrinology

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Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an important regulator of the stress response in mammals, influencing both the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). PACAP has been reported to influence energy homeostasis, including adaptive thermogenesis, an energy burning process in adipose tissue regulated by the SNS in response to cold stress and overfeeding. While research suggests PACAP acts centrally at the level of the hypothalamus, knowledge of PACAP's role within the sympathetic nerves innervating adipose tissues in response to metabolic stressors is limited. This work shows, for the first time, gene expression of PACAP receptors in stellate ganglia and highlights some differential expression with housing temperature. Additionally, we present our dissection protocol, analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression as a molecular biomarker for catecholamine producing tissue and recommend three stable reference genes for the normalization of quantitative real time‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) data when working with this tissue. This study adds to information about neuropeptide receptor expression in peripheral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system innervating adipose tissue and provides insight into PACAP's role in the regulation of energy metabolism.

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“…PACAP's putative physiological roles in adult mammals as revealed in PACAP‐deficient mice are most closely phenocopied by PAC1‐deficiency 11 . PACAP has been well‐characterized for its acute effects in stress mediated through neurotransmission to adrenal chromaffin cells, in the sympathetic nervous system, and in the HPA axis 12,13 . Accordingly, both constitutive and induced PACAP knockout mice have blunted responses to stress in a variety of paradigms 14–17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constitutive and conditional deletion reveals distinct phenotypes driven by developmental versus neurotransmitter actions of the neuropeptide PACAP

Bakalar

Гаврилова

Jiang

et al. 2023

J Neuroendocrinology

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Neuropeptides may exert trophic effects during development, and then neurotransmitter roles in the developed nervous system. One way to associate peptide‐deficiency phenotypes with either role is first to assess potential phenotypes in so‐called constitutive knockout mice, and then proceed to specify, regionally and temporally, where and when neuropeptide expression is required to prevent these phenotypes. We have previously demonstrated that the well‐known constellation of behavioral and metabolic phenotypes associated with constitutive pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP) knockout mice are accompanied by transcriptomic alterations of two types: those that distinguish the PACAP‐null phenotype from wild‐type (WT) in otherwise quiescent mice (cPRGs), and gene induction that occurs in response to acute environmental perturbation in WT mice that do not occur in knockout mice (aPRGs). Comparing constitutive PACAP knockout mice to a variety of temporally and regionally specific PACAP knockouts, we show that the prominent hyperlocomotor phenotype is a consequence of early loss of PACAP expression, is associated with Fos overexpression in hippocampus and basal ganglia, and that a thermoregulatory effect previously shown to be mediated by PACAP‐expressing neurons of medial preoptic hypothalamus is independent of PACAP expression in those neurons in adult mice. In contrast, PACAP dependence of weight loss/hypophagia triggered by restraint stress, seen in constitutive PACAP knockout mice, is phenocopied in mice in which PACAP is deleted after neuronal differentiation. Our results imply that PACAP has a prominent role as a trophic factor early in development determining global central nervous system characteristics, and in addition a second, discrete set of functions as a neurotransmitter in the fully developed nervous system that support physiological and psychological responses to stress.

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Pacap

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models

Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models

Reference gene recommendations and PACAP receptor expression in murine sympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system that innervate adipose tissues after chronic cold exposure

Constitutive and conditional deletion reveals distinct phenotypes driven by developmental versus neurotransmitter actions of the neuropeptide PACAP

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