P4‐200: Intranasal Formulation of Erythropoietin (Epo) Showed Potent Protective Activity Against Amyloid Toxicity in Non‐transgenic and Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease

Erythropoietin Promotes Neural Plasticity and Spatial Memory Recovery in Fimbria-Fornix-Lesioned Rats

“…The statistical analysis (repeated-measures ANOVA, factor GROUP, F [8,102] = 45.25) demonstrated differences among groups showing the same segregation pattern: control and sham operated groups (c), the 2 groups receiving EPO injections daily after training (b), and the rest of the lesioned groups (a) (Tukey HSD). The post hoc (Tukey) of the GROUP/BLOCK interaction confirmed significant differences among lesioned groups (FF, FF-EPO, FF + 5 h EPO and FF + 10 min NaCl) and those receiving EPO 10 minutes after each training session (FF-EPO + EPO and FF + 10 min EPO) from block 3.1 on.…”

“…EPO has shown neuroprotective effects in animal models focused on ischemia, 1,2 traumatic brain injury, [3][4][5] ischemic preconditioning, 4,6 and transgenic expression of a constitutively active EPO receptor. 7 More recently, EPO effects have been expanded to neurodegenerative diseases, [8][9][10][11] multiple sclerosis, 12 and mood disorders. 13,14 Moreover, it has been demonstrated that EPO is critical for normal brain development.…”

Intranasal gene delivery for treating Parkinson’s disease: overcoming the blood–brain barrier

“…Studies have confirmed that 125 I-EPO reaches the brain within 25 min of intranasal administration, with highest levels appearing in the trigeminal nerve and olfactory bulb [19]. When given by this route, EPO protects neurons from damage in several models of neurological disease, including focal cerebral ischemia [108,109], cerebral hypoxia [110], epilepsy [111], and Alzheimer's disease [112].…”

Neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin on Alzheimer’s dementia model in rats

“…The results of the present study is in accordance with previous in vivo experimental studies, reporting that rhEPO decreases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant-1, the expression of chemokines, microglial activation, and cerebral leukocyte influx in the central nervous system. [27][28][29] The hippocampus has a key role in learning and memory formation and is one of the first structures of the brain to undergo damage in AD. 8 In the present study, we showed marked neuronal loss in the C1 and C3 regions of the hippocampus in ICV-STZ-induced rats.…”

“…19 In a ICV-Aβ 25-35 mouse model, rhEPO prevented memory impairment, neuronal loss of the hippocampal CA1 region, induction of lipid peroxidation and TNF-α and IL-1β production. 27 Interestingly, EPO promotes mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into cholinergic neurons, resulting in increased ChAT activity and ACh level in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. 25 Both EPO and its receptor (EPOR) are expressed by glial cells, neuronal pregenitor cells, neurons and cerebrovascular endothelium in rodent and human brains, and show high immunopositivity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.…”