“…DOX destroys cancer cells by inducing DNA fragmentation but it also has several detrimental side effects such as increased ROS production, inflammation, and antioxidant depletion which triggers the cellular stress signaling response (George et al, 2020;Ichikawa et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2006;Šimůnek et al, 2009). Several groups have identified the mechanistic pathways that are activated in this stress response to DOX and p38 MAPK activation and its role in promoting DOX cardiotoxicity is well established (Bernstein et al, 2005;George et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2012;Nozaki et al, 2004;Riad et al, 2008;Thandavarayan et al, 2010;Yi et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2012). Activation of stress signaling pathways inhibits autophagy, increases apoptosis, fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction, and increases morbidity and mortality.…”