“…Some studies ascribe reward and loss processing (across both anticipation and receipt) to dissociable neural systems including the ventral striatum, and anterior insula and amygdala, respectively (Hardin, Pine, & Ernst, ; Knutson, Fong, Bennett, Adams, & Hommer, ; Liu et al, ; Yacubian et al, ). Other studies suggest striatal activity is engaged during loss and reward processing, especially their anticipation (Breiter, Aharon, Kahneman, Dale, & Shizgal, ; Carter, Macinnes, Huettel, & Adcock, ; Cho et al, ; Kohls et al, ; Pfabigan et al, ), where midbrain dopamine systems engage during stimulus approach or avoidance (Brooks & Berns, ; Pfabigan et al, ; Salamone & Correa, ). Behavioural and psychological data have also not shown clear distinctions between these processes (Baron & Galizio, ), thus similar neural mechanisms may underlie both.…”