p16 Immunohistochemical Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Association With Prognostic Parameters

Hashmi, Atif Ali; Younus, Naila; Naz, Samreen; Irfan, Muhammad; Hussain, Zubaida Fida; Shaikh, S; Ali, Javaria; Faridi, Naveen; Najam, Javeria; Shoaib, Maira; Hashmi, Shoaib Naiyar

doi:10.7759/cureus.8601

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Moreover, it is important to note that there are some aspects of the pathological diagnosis, or at least of the data that are part of a pathology report, that can be considered quantitative. Depth of invasion (DOI) measurement in oral tongue carcinomas [ 11 ], the mitotic index [ 12 ] and the quantification of immunostaining (Ki67 labelling index [ 12 ], p16 positivity [ 13 ] as surrogate marker for HPV infection, or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as immunotherapeutic target [ 14 ] are some of the measurements that should be routinely included in pathological report.…”

Section: Qualitative Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some markers have emerged as being fundamental in the diagnosis of tumours, as they have prognostic and therapeutic implications. The prognostic value of assessing oropharyngeal carcinomas for evidence of human papilloma virus infection (HPV) is well established, with current guidance recommending routine IHC for p16 protein overexpression and in-situ hybridization for high-risk HPV DNA [ 13 ]. Moreover, morphologically similar poorly differentiated carcinomas arising in the oropharynx and nasopharynx and their nodal metastases may be distinguished by the presence of HPV and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA, respectively.…”

Section: Qualitative Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer

et al. 2021

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The diagnosis is the art of determining the nature of a disease, and an accurate diagnosis is the true cornerstone on which rational treatment should be built. Within the workflow in the management of head and neck tumours, there are different types of diagnosis. The purpose of this work is to point out the differences and the aims of the different types of diagnoses and to highlight their importance in the management of patients with head and neck tumours. Qualitative diagnosis is performed by a pathologist and is essential in determining the management and can provide guidance on prognosis. The evolution of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques has made it possible to obtain more precise diagnoses and to identify prognostic markers and precision factors. Quantitative diagnosis is made by the radiologist and consists of identifying a mass lesion and the estimation of the tumour volume and extent using imaging techniques, such as CT, MRI, and PET. The distinction between the two types of diagnosis is clear, as the methodology is different. The accurate establishment of both diagnoses plays an essential role in treatment planning. Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health care, and it provides an explanation of a patient’s health problem and informs subsequent decision. Deep learning and radiomics approaches hold promise for improving diagnosis.

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Section: Qualitative Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Qualitative Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer

et al. 2021

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“…The HPV genotypes detected in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) might differ from those in cervical cancers. HPV16 remains the most prevalent detected type (1.6–60.7%), followed by HPV31 (1.6–79.2%), HPV18 (0.7–15.1%), HPV56 (0.5–15.1%), HPV52 (2%), HPV33 (1.2%), and HPV35 (0.5%) [ 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ]. Intriguingly, HPV31 (79.2%), HPV45 (87.4%), and HPV68 (49.1%) have been reported to have particularly high rates in Singapore.…”

Section: Hpv Genotype Distribution In East Southeast and South Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For HNSCC samples with a single HPV infection, most of the samples have been found to be positive for HPV16. Other detected hrHPV types include HPV31, 18, 56, 52, 33, and 35 [ 84 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ]. Additionally, samples detected with HPV16/18 co-infection and multiple HPV genotypes were also reported [ 110 ].…”

Section: Hpv Genotype Distribution In East Southeast and South Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Updates on Cancer-Causing Types of Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) in East, Southeast, and South Asia

Xia

Long

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection remains one of the most prominent cancer-causing DNA viruses, contributing to approximately 5% of human cancers. While association between HPV and cervical cancers has been well-established, evidence on the attribution of head and neck cancers (HNC) to HPV have been increasing in recent years. Among the cancer-causing HPV genotypes, HPV16 and 18 remain the major contributors to cancers across the globe. Nonetheless, the distribution of HPV genotypes in ethnically, geographically, and socio-economically diverse East, Southeast, and South Asia may differ from other parts of the world. In this review, we garner and provide updated insight into various aspects of HPV reported in recent years (2015–2021) in these regions. We included: (i) the HPV genotypes detected in normal cancers of the uterine cervix and head and neck, as well as the distribution of the HPV genotypes by geography and age groups; (ii) the laboratory diagnostic methods and treatment regimens used within these regions; and (iii) the oncogenic properties of HPV prototypes and their variants contributing to carcinogenesis. More importantly, we also unveil the similarities and discrepancies between these aspects, the areas lacking study, and the challenges faced in HPV studies.

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“…These cancers are considered more aggressive than HPV-induced oral cancers in western countries. Alternatively, a low frequency of HPV-induced HNSCC was depicted in a few studies conducted in Pakistan [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrence and Disease-Free Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Margin-Free Resection on Frozen Section: An Institutional Perspective

Hashmi¹,

Iftikhar²,

Haider³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Introduction The most important factor determining survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a disease recurrence. A high rate of recurrence was noted in previous studies conducted in Pakistan; however, these studies did not consider margin status as inadequate margin clearance leads to disease recurrence. In this study, we determined cancer recurrence in patients with HNSCC after nullifying this factor. Methods This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Liaquat National Hospital (LNH) for a duration of three years. Data collection period was from January 2015 to December 2017. A total of 150 patients that underwent surgery at LNH for HNSCC with margin-free frozen sections were included in the study. Pathological tumor characteristics such as tumor type, size, depth of invasion and nodal status were determined. Results The mean age of the patients was 50.31±12.90 with mean tumor size of 3.38±1.76. Nodal metastases were present in 45.3% cases with 17.3% showing extranodal extension. Recurrence was observed in 66% of cases with median disease-free survival of 12 months and perineural invasion was noted in 12% cases. We found a significant association of disease recurrence with larger tumor size, depth of invasion and extranodal extension. Moreover, younger age (<30 years) and older age (>50 years) groups showed higher rates of recurrence than the middle age group (30-50 years). Similarly, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that tumors with ≥1 cm depth of invasion and the presence of extranodal extension were more likely to have disease recurrence than tumors with <1 cm depth of invasion and without extranodal extension. Survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method for HNSCC revealed a significant difference in disease-free survival in patients with more than 2 cm tumor size and ≥1 cm depth of invasion than cases with ≤ 2cm tumor size and <1 cm depth of invasion. Conclusion A high rate of disease recurrence for HNSSC was noted in our study, despite margin-free primary tumor resection. Apart from tumor size and depth of invasion, extranodal extension was significantly associated with disease recurrence in HNSCC. This signifies a need for margin evaluation of neck dissection specimen in cases with extranodal extension.

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p16 Immunohistochemical Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Association With Prognostic Parameters

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer

Qualitative and Quantitative Diagnosis in Head and Neck Cancer

Current Updates on Cancer-Causing Types of Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) in East, Southeast, and South Asia

Recurrence and Disease-Free Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Margin-Free Resection on Frozen Section: An Institutional Perspective

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