“…Thus, the level within the signal transduction pathway, which is responsible for overstimulation, along with cell type may influence phenotypic outcome (see section II.B on ERKs). Furthermore, ERK also increases CDK inhibitor proteins p21, p27, and p53, among others, which results in cell cycle arrest (Smalley, 2003;Dhillon et al, 2007) and phosphorylation of CDC25c, leading to its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (Eymin et al, 2006), whereas Raf can also induce cell cycle arrest via p21 (Smalley, 2003). Thus, tumors must counteract this effect and can do so via AKT and RhoGTPase proteins (Dhillon et al, 2007).…”