Abstract:Background and Aims
Current guidelines consider lithium a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder to prevent relapse and suicide. Lithium, however, has renal adverse effects that can accumulate over decades of treatment. Studies have found a positive association between duration of lithium use and incidence of chronic kidney disease and prevalence of end stage renal disease. When the kidney function declines the treating clinician is presented with a choice of either continuing lithium, des… Show more
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