“…Accordingly, thousands of Pd catalysts with various ligand systems have been gradually developed to revolutionize this field. Homogenous categories are primarily exploited and widely employed, including phosphane-based ligands such as tertiary-, hemilable-, biophenyl-, and indole-types , and nitrogen-containing ligands like N-heterocyclic carbenes, amines, oximes, and Schiff bases. − Although this kind of catalyst is usually highly active, a major problem is the difficulty in their recovery and recycling. By comparison, many novel heterogeneous nanoparticles Pd catalysts have been designed in recent years by immobilizing Pd complexes on various supports like mesoporous silica, zeolites, carbon, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). , The use of these catalysts facilitates the SMC chemistry process and achieves the efficient utilization of the increasingly expensive Pd metal.…”