P = f [KSA × M × S]

Fay, Doris; Hüttges, Annett

doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19709-8_1

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Of note, mRNAs containing sequences that can form G-quads, such as the GGGGCC (G4C2) intron-repeat expansion within the C9ORF72 locus, mediated LLPS both in vitro and in vivo. [21,87] These observations support the notion that RNAs, especially carrying repeat sequences, facilitate intra-as well as intermolecular interactions and structures, which likely affect BioMC formation and dynamics. For example, sequence or structure-based interactions between small RNAs and other RNAs could bring about structural changes thereby affecting protein interactions and even RNA stability in BioMCs.…”

Section: Rnas Form Structures That Are Recognized By Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…[56] Of note, particular repeat-containing RNAs form structures that have been connected to the formation of BioMCs. [48,87] For instance, biochemically purified SG cores were enriched in antisense RNAs capable of forming intramolecular duplexes, [42] and these SG cores were resistant to high salt or aliphatic alcohol treatment, which disrupt protein-protein but not RNA-RNA interactions. [47,48] Interestingly, some products of stress-induced tRNA metabolism, tsRNAs, can form homo-and heterodimers [88] but also particular structures such as tetramers through G-quads, [79,80] which are important for SG formation.…”

Section: Rnas Form Structures That Are Recognized By Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RNAs, Phase Separation, and Membrane‐Less Organelles: Are Post‐Transcriptional Modifications Modulating Organelle Dynamics?

Drino¹,

Schaefer²

2018

BioEssays

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Membranous organelles allow sub‐compartmentalization of biological processes. However, additional subcellular structures create dynamic reaction spaces without the need for membranes. Such membrane‐less organelles (MLOs) are physiologically relevant and impact development, gene expression regulation, and cellular stress responses. The phenomenon resulting in the formation of MLOs is called liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), and is primarily governed by the interactions of multi‐domain proteins or proteins harboring intrinsically disordered regions as well as RNA‐binding domains. Although the presence of RNAs affects the formation and dissolution of MLOs, it remains unclear how the properties of RNAs exactly contribute to these effects. Here, the authors review this emerging field, and explore how particular RNA properties can affect LLPS and the behavior of MLOs. It is suggested that post‐transcriptional RNA modification systems could be contributors for dynamically modulating the assembly and dissolution of MLOs.

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Section: Rnas Form Structures That Are Recognized By Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Rnas Form Structures That Are Recognized By Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNAs, Phase Separation, and Membrane‐Less Organelles: Are Post‐Transcriptional Modifications Modulating Organelle Dynamics?

Drino¹,

Schaefer²

2018

BioEssays

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“…Cech and co-workers supposed that the G4-forming RNA sequestered PRC2 from nucleosome substrates by competing with the linker DNA, and thus, disrupted histone methylation. The biological roles of G4 RNA have been reviewed elsewhere [49] and are outside the scope of this paper, but we highlight PRC2-G4 RNA binding because it suggests that the analogous binding of PRC2 with G4 DNA is Moreover, G4 motifs are often localized within, or overlap with, regulatory elements (CGIs in the first place), and it is not obvious whether CpGs, G4 motifs or folded G4 structures play a decisive role (Figure 1a). One example of such ambiguity can be found in a 2012 study of chromatin remodeling (nucleosome repositioning) in T cells (resting versus activated).…”

Section: Transient G4s Assist In the Maintenance Of Cpg Methylation Amentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA G‐Quadruplexes (G4s) Modulate Epigenetic (Re)Programming and Chromatin Remodeling

2019

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Here, the emerging data on DNA G‐quadruplexes (G4s) as epigenetic modulators are reviewed and integrated. This concept has appeared and evolved substantially in recent years. First, persistent G4s (e.g., those stabilized by exogenous ligands) were linked to the loss of the histone code. More recently, transient G4s (i.e., those formed upon replication or transcription and unfolded rapidly by helicases) were implicated in CpG island methylation maintenance and de novo CpG methylation control. The most recent data indicate that there are direct interactions between G4s and chromatin remodeling factors. Finally, multiple findings support the indirect participation of G4s in chromatin reshaping via interactions with remodeling‐related transcription factors (TFs) or damage responders. Here, the links between the above processes are analyzed; also, how further elucidation of these processes may stimulate the progress of epigenetic therapy is discussed, and the remaining open questions are highlighted.

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“…They uniquely possess 5′-terminal oligo guanidine (5′-TOG) motifs that form G-quadruplexes (G4s), noncanonical RNA structures rich in guanines. [100] Mechanistically, G4-tiRNAs inhibit translation by displacing the eIF4F complex from the cap structures of mRNA. The dissociation of the cap-binding complex from mRNAs stimulates formation of SGs in an eIF2α-independent manner.…”

Section: Stress-induced Trna Cleavagementioning

confidence: 99%

Translational Control under Stress: Reshaping the Translatome

2019

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Adequate reprogramming of cellular metabolism in response to stresses or suboptimal growth conditions involves a myriad of coordinated changes that serve to promote cell survival. As protein synthesis is an energetically expensive process, its regulation under stress is of critical importance. Reprogramming of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation involves well‐understood stress‐activated kinases that target components of translation initiation machinery, resulting in the robust inhibition of general translation and promotion of the translation of stress‐responsive proteins. Translational arrest of mRNAs also results in the accumulation of transcripts in cytoplasmic foci called stress granules. Recent studies focus on the key roles of transfer RNA (tRNA) in stress‐induced translational reprogramming. These include stress‐specific regulation of tRNA pools, codon‐biased translation influenced by tRNA modifications, tRNA miscoding, and tRNA cleavage. In combination, signal transduction pathways and tRNA metabolism changes regulate translation during stress, resulting in adaptation and cell survival. This review examines molecular mechanisms that regulate protein synthesis in response to stress.

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P = f [KSA × M × S]

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

RNAs, Phase Separation, and Membrane‐Less Organelles: Are Post‐Transcriptional Modifications Modulating Organelle Dynamics?

RNAs, Phase Separation, and Membrane‐Less Organelles: Are Post‐Transcriptional Modifications Modulating Organelle Dynamics?

DNA G‐Quadruplexes (G4s) Modulate Epigenetic (Re)Programming and Chromatin Remodeling

Translational Control under Stress: Reshaping the Translatome

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