P‐35: Individual Differences in the Use of Binocular and Monocular Depth Cues in 3D‐Graphic Environments

Fujisaki, Hirotaka; Yamashita, Haruto; Kihara, Ken; Ohtsuka, Sakuichi

doi:10.1002/j.2168-0159.2012.tb06009.x

Cited by 9 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It is also true that about 20% of the observers estimated the depth of the 3D-stimuli by using only binocular disparity. These ratios are similar to those reported by Fujisaki et al [4] in which the pictorial-cue group and the disparity group accounted for 30% and 20%, respectively. Thus, it is safe to say that the present study replicated the previous findings.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

36.2: Age Differences in the Use of Binocular Disparity and Pictorial Depth Cues in 3D‐Graphics Environments

Kihara

Fujisaki

Ohtsuka

et al. 2013

Symp Digest of Tech Papers

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We find that pseudo-stereoanomalous observers, who did not use disparity information for depth judgments in 3D-graphics environments although they were not stereoanomalous, tended to be younger (21.4%, 17-24 years old) than young-middle age (11.4%, 25-39 years old). Approximately 80% of older (50-83 years old) were also pseudo-stereoanomalous observers.Author Keywords depth perception; stereopsis; aging; 3D-graphics environments; binocular disparity; pictorial depth cue. Objective and BackgroundRecently, 3D-graphics environments, such as movie theaters, home televisions, and video games, are rapidly gaining in popularity, and people of all ages have a lot of chances to view 3D contents. Although binocular disparity plays an important role in the perception of depth, it is well known that there are large individual differences in the availability of binocular disparity. For example, many elderly adults have defective stereopsis because of degraded performance of senescent cerebral or retinal cells [1]. In addition, over 10% of observers, who do not have any physically visual disabilities, perceive virtually no depth depending on the disparity information [2]-[3], i.e. they are stereoanomalous observers.More interestingly, quite a few people cannot fully process information from binocular disparity in a specific 3D-graphic environment even though they can discriminate small levels of disparity (e.g., 4′) in a simple stereoscopic test. Fujisaki et al. [4] examined the individual differences in use of disparity information in the prevailing 3D-graphics environments that were expected to give observers rich depth perception through a combination of binocular disparity and monocular pictorial cues [5]. Using simple 3D-graphic stimuli containing binocular disparity and shading, one of the most effective pictorial depth cues [6]- [7], Fujisaki et al. demonstrated that 30% of young observers, aged 19 to 25 years, relied only on information from shading, rather than from disparity, to perceive the depth of the 3D stimuli even though they were not stereoanomalous. We call them pseudo-stereoanomalous observers.Given that the individual ability of depth perception is dependent on age [1], it is likely that the ratio of the pseudo-stereoanomalous observers varies with age. In this study, we investigated the relationship between age and the rate of pseudo-stereoanomalous observers. 151 individuals with ages ranging from 17 to 85 years observed a simple 3D-graphic stimuli containing binocular disparity and shading as depth cues, which was used in Fujisaki et al. [4], and evaluated the subjective depth of the 3D stimulus. Results Experimental methods Apparatus and StimuliFull-HD (i.e., WUXGA 1920 × 1200) 24-inch stereoscopic liquidcrystal displays with 60 Hz refresh rate (True3Di SDM-240, Redrover) remained stationary at 930 mm from the observer (approximately three times the height of the screen, which is standard viewing distance for high resolution television). Before the experiment, the stereoscopic vision of all ob...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

36.2: Age Differences in the Use of Binocular Disparity and Pictorial Depth Cues in 3D‐Graphics Environments

Kihara

Fujisaki

Ohtsuka

et al. 2013

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“…The study yielded two main findings. First, the ratio of the pseudo‐stereoblind observers in the young group was roughly the same ratio as obtained in a previous study, strongly supporting the claim that a large number of young observers may have degraded depth percepts when viewing rich depth perception in current 3D graphic environments. Second, more than half of middle‐aged observers (40–54 years old) had trouble perceiving depth using disparity information; moreover, the percentage of pseudo‐stereoblind participants increased in older observers (55–83 years old), perhaps because of inadequate visual correction for age‐related visual deficits.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individual differences in the availability of binocular disparity on viewing 3D graphics in various visual environments provide important information if the aim of society is to render 3D television accessible and popular for all age groups. Previous studies found that 17–30% of young and young‐middle people are pseudo‐stereoblind observers, meaning that they do not use disparity information when the depth of 3D graphic stimuli, which is presented for more than a few seconds, were evaluated by subjective judgments or a performance‐based task . This is the case even though these viewers can actually discriminate small levels of disparity in a Titmus stereoscopic test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, we investigated the relationship between aging and the rate of pseudo‐stereoblind observers in a sample population of 151 individuals whose ages ranged from 17 to 85 years. All these participants were presented with a task in which they had to observe a simple 3D graphic stimuli containing binocular disparity and shading as depth cues (as in Fujisaki et al .,), then judge the depth of 3D stimuli. A portion of this work was previously presented at the Society for Information Display 2013 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aging and availability of binocular disparity and pictorial depth cues in 3D graphics contents

et al. 2014

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Some stereoblind observers do not perceive depth of 3D stimuli that depends on binocular disparity. These individuals, who have no disabilities, comprise over 5% of the general population. In addition, 17–30% of nonstereoblind young and young–middle people do not use disparity information in certain 3D environments, a phenomenon known as pseudo‐stereoblindness. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aging and the proportion of pseudo‐stereoblindness in the general population. In an experiment, 134 nonstereoblind participants, ranging in age from 17 to 83 years, judged subjective depth of 3D stimuli containing binocular disparity and pictorial depth cues. Results showed that the proportion of pseudo‐stereoblindness among young (17–24 years old) and young–middle aged observers (25–39 years old) was 29%, in both cases. However, the proportion of pseudo‐stereoblind observers increased in older populations: 65% and 82% in the middle (40–54 years old) and senior (55–83 years old) age groups, respectively. These results suggest that a number of people, especially in elderly populations, have trouble perceiving depth from binocular disparity in 3D graphic contents despite their essential ability to use disparity information.

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“…Pseudo-stereoanomaly is an altogether different phenomenon in which viewers with apparently normal stereo vision do not utilize the available stereopsis cues to improve performance on a given depth task (e.g., Kihara, Fujisaki, Ohtsuka, Miyao, Shimamura, Arai, & Taniguchi, 2013; Fujisaki, Yamashita, Kihara, & Ohtsuka, 2012). This appears to occur unconsciously and unintentionally to viewers, who do not seem to be aware of any problem.…”

Section: Stereoblindness Stereo-deficiency Stereo-anomaly and Pseumentioning

confidence: 98%

A guide for human factors research with stereoscopic 3D displays

McIntire

Havig

Pinkus

2015

Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics IX; And Head- And Helmet-Mounted Displays XX

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In this work, we provide some common methods, techniques, information, concepts, and relevant citations for those conducting human factors-related research with stereoscopic 3D (S3D) displays. We give suggested methods for calculating binocular disparities, and show how to verify on-screen image separation measurements. We provide typical values for inter-pupillary distances that are useful in such calculations. We discuss the pros, cons, and suggested uses of some common stereovision clinical tests. We discuss the phenomena and prevalence rates of stereoanomalous, pseudo-stereoanomalous, stereo-deficient, and stereoblind viewers. The problems of eyestrain and fatigue-related effects from stereo viewing, and the possible causes, are enumerated. System and viewer crosstalk are defined and discussed, and the issue of stereo camera separation is explored. Typical binocular fusion limits are also provided for reference, and discussed in relation to zones of comfort. Finally, the concept of measuring disparity distributions is described. The implications of these issues for the human factors study of S3D displays are covered throughout. INTRODUCTIONOver the last decade, stereoscopic 3D (S3D) displays have reached the mass markets and are now finding interest and application in a variety of fields, including in entertainment, industrial design, medicine, and the military. The growing popularity of S3D technology stems primarily from its ability to provide a viewer with binocular cues to depth in a scene (stereopsis), a capability that no other mass-market display can currently provide. Researchers, engineers, display designers, and visualization developers now have the sensors, computer graphics tools, interaction devices, and displays to (potentially) take full advantage of the third dimension.But despite this embarrassment of riches in terms of data, tools, and displays, characterizing and studying S3D systems is by no means a straightforward endeavor. This is complicated by the fact that many of the traditional experimental tools, techniques, methods, rules-of-thumb, and ways of thinking about display evaluation are sometimes inadequate (or even inappropriate) for these new 3D systems. In this work, we provide a handy, reference 'field guide' for those interested in performing human-factors psychology/engineering studies and evaluations of S3D systems, in the hopes of easing the way forward for widespread 3D display research, development, and use (see Hsu, Pizlo, Chelberg, Babbs, & Delp, 1996, for a brief guide for experimentally comparing non-stereo 2D versus stereoscopic 3D).

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P‐35: Individual Differences in the Use of Binocular and Monocular Depth Cues in 3D‐Graphic Environments

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

36.2: Age Differences in the Use of Binocular Disparity and Pictorial Depth Cues in 3D‐Graphics Environments

36.2: Age Differences in the Use of Binocular Disparity and Pictorial Depth Cues in 3D‐Graphics Environments

Aging and availability of binocular disparity and pictorial depth cues in 3D graphics contents

A guide for human factors research with stereoscopic 3D displays

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