“…The blockage of growth factor-mediated cell proliferation by ethanol in several systems elicits the hypothesis that growth factor-induced signaling processes are targets of ethanol toxicity. Included are adenylate cyclase (Hoek et al, 1992;Williams and Kelly, 1993), protein kinase C (Pandy, 1996), protein tyrosine kinases (Miyakawa et al, 1997, Resnicoff et al, 1993, Thurston and Shukla, 1992, MAPKs (Roivainen et al, 1995;Reddy and Shukla, 1996;Chen et al, 1998;Tombes et al, 1998;Reddy and Shukla, 2000), phospholipase C and D (Higashi and Hoek, 1991;Hoek et al, 1992;Thurston and Shukla, 1992;Saso et al, 1997;Zhang and Farrell, 1999), transcription factors such as NF-κB (Zeldin et al, 1996) and STAT3 (Chen et al, 1997).…”