Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Barnes, Paul W.; Williamson, Craig E.; Lucas, Robyn; Robinson, Sharon A.; Madronich, S.; Paul, Nigel D.; Bornman, Janet F.; Bais, Alkiviadis; Sulzberger, Barbara; Wilson, Stephen R.; Andrady, Anthony L.; McKenzie, Richard; Neale, Patrick J.; Austin, Amy T.; Bernhard, Germar; Solomon, Keith R.; Neale, Rachel E.; Young, Paul; Norval, Mary; Rhodes, Lesley E.; Hylander, Samuel; Rose, Kevin C.; Longstreth, Janice; Aucamp, Pieter J.; Ballaré, Carlos L.; Cory, Rose M.; Flint, Stephan D.; Gruijl, Frank R. de; Häder, Donat P.; Heikkilä, Anu; Jansen, Marcel A. K.; Pandey, Krishna K.; Robson, T. Matthew; Sinclair, Craig; Wängberg, Sten Åke; Worrest, Robert C.; Yazar, Seyhan; Young, Antony R.; Zepp, Richard G.

doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0314-2

Cited by 194 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…A better understanding of how sunlight controls plant traits is needed to accurately predict the response of ecosystem functioning to climatic change (e.g. changes in cloudiness, aerosols and surface reflectivity), which is modifying the spectral composition of incident irradiance at the Earth's surface (Barnes et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing trait plasticity over the range of spectral composition of sunlight in forb species differing in shade tolerance

et al. 2020

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Although sunlight is essential for plant growth and development, the relative importance of each spectral region in shaping functional traits is poorly understood, particularly in dynamic light environments such as forest ecosystems. We examined responses of 25 functional traits from groups of 11 shade‐intolerant and 12 understorey shade‐tolerant forb species grown outdoors under five filter treatments differing in spectral transmittance: (a) transmitting c. 95% of solar radiation (280–800 nm); (b) attenuating ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B); (c) attenuating all UV; (d) attenuating all UV and blue light; (e) attenuating all UV, blue and green light. Our results show that UV‐B radiation mainly affected the biochemical traits but blue light mainly affected the physiological traits irrespective of functional strategy, whereas green light affected both sets of traits. This would suggest that differentiation among suites of functional trait responses proceeds according to light quality. Biomass accumulation was significantly increased by UV‐A radiation (contrasting treatment [b] vs. [c]) among shade‐intolerant but decreased by blue light among shade‐tolerant species; green and red light affected whole‐plant morphological development differently according to functional groups. Shade‐tolerant species were more plastic than shade‐intolerant species in response to each spectral region that we examined except for UV‐B radiation. Synthesis. Our results show that differences in the spectral composition of sunlight can drive functional trait expression irrespective of total irradiance received. The different responses of functional traits between functional groups imply that shade‐tolerant and intolerant species have adapted to utilize spectral cues differently in their respective light environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing trait plasticity over the range of spectral composition of sunlight in forb species differing in shade tolerance

et al. 2020

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“…Mosquitoes have the potential to be damaged by UV radiation as demonstrated by their decreased survival after exposure to UV-C radiation from artificial sources such as UV-lamps [24]. However, UV-C radiation is not present in sunlight reaching Earth's surface due to ozone and other pollutants blocking these wavelengths of radiation [25] and therefore UV-C is not a very realistic representation of the role that solar UV radiation may play in regulating mosquito populations. Currently, the UV-tolerance of mosquito larvae and the potential mechanisms of protection from damage by solar UV radiation are largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolved organic matter protects mosquito larvae from damaging solar UV radiation

et al. 2020

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Mosquitoes have increased in their abundance and geographic distribution in northeastern North America, coinciding with an increase in extreme precipitation events and up to a doubling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations in some inland waters. Increases in DOM can reduce exposure of mosquito larvae to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Although mosquito larvae are most common in shaded habitats, almost nothing is known about their susceptibility to damage by solar UV radiation, or the ability of DOM to create a refuge from damaging UV in their shallow-water habitats. We hypothesize that 1) exposure to solar UV radiation is lethal to mosquito larvae, 2) larvae lack photo-enzymatic repair to fix UV-damaged DNA, and 3) DOM shades larvae from lethal solar UV radiation. We tested these hypotheses with experiments that manipulated UV radiation, the photo-repair radiation necessary for photo-enzymatic DNA repair, and DOM. Exposure to solar UV radiation significantly decreased larval survivorship, while DOM significantly increased it. There was no evidence of photo-enzymatic DNA repair. Our findings confirm that solar UV radiation decreases habitat suitability for mosquito larvae, but DOM provides a refuge from UV. This highlights the need for vector control managers to prioritize high DOM and shaded habitats in their efforts to reduce mosquito populations.

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“…Ultraviolet radiation constitutes a small proportion of the solar spectrum but can cause significant damage to DNA and other cellular structures and in the end affect ecosystems and human health [1,2]. UV is also a natural environmental factor that has been present throughout evolutionary time [3] but recent human-induced pollution with release of ozone depleting substances has raised concern that UV-exposure will change [1]. Organisms have different adaptations to avoid UV-induced damage for example behavioral avoidance, cell repair, antioxidant defenses and accumulation of photoprotective compounds [2,[4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) in Zooplankton

Hylander

2020

Marine Drugs

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Organisms have different adaptations to avoid damage from ultraviolet radiation and one such adaptation is the accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). These compounds are common in aquatic taxa but a comprehensive review is lacking on their distribution and function in zooplankton. This paper shows that zooplankton MAA concentrations range from non-detectable to ~13 µg mgDW−1. Copepods, rotifers, and krill display a large range of concentrations, whereas cladocerans generally do not contain MAAs. The proposed mechanisms to gain MAAs are via ingestion of MAA-rich food or via symbiotic bacteria providing zooplankton with MAAs. Exposure to UV-radiation increases the concentrations in zooplankton both via increasing MAA concentrations in the phytoplankton food and due to active accumulation. Concentrations are generally low during winter and higher in summer and females seem to deposit MAAs in their eggs. The concentrations of MAAs in zooplankton tend to increase with altitude but only up to a certain altitude suggesting some limitation for the uptake. Shallow and UV-transparent systems tend to have copepods with higher concentrations of MAAs but this has only been shown in a few species. A high MAA concentration has also been shown to lead to lower UV-induced mortality and an overall increased fitness. While there is a lot of information on MAAs in zooplankton we still lack understanding of the potential costs and constraints for accumulation. There is also scarce information in some taxa such as rotifers as well as from systems in tropical, sub(polar) areas as well as in marine systems in general.

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Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Cited by 194 publications

References 89 publications

Testing trait plasticity over the range of spectral composition of sunlight in forb species differing in shade tolerance

Testing trait plasticity over the range of spectral composition of sunlight in forb species differing in shade tolerance

Dissolved organic matter protects mosquito larvae from damaging solar UV radiation

Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) in Zooplankton

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