Ozonated Sunflower Oil Exerted Protective Effect for Embryo and Cell Survival via Potent Reduction Power and Antioxidant Activity in HDL with Strong Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

Ozonated sunflower oil (OSO) has potent antimicrobial effects, making it useful for topical applications to treat various skin diseases. On the other hand, regarding mechanistic insight, the antioxidant activity and cytoprotective effects of OSO are relatively less known. The current study compared the antioxidant ability and protective ability of OSO on cells and embryos against oxidative stress, such as H2O2 and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), to investigate its potential applications for wound-healing and anti-infection. OSO showed potent radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reduction ability that was up to 35% and 42% stronger than sunflower oil (SO) as a control in a dose-dependent manner. Measurement of the wavelength-maximum fluorescence (WMF) of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) revealed different behavior between OSO and SO treatment (final 1–16%). The OSO treatment caused a 12 nm red shift of Trp movement from 345 nm (at 0%) to 357 nm (at 16%), while SO caused a 12 nm blue shift of Trp movement from 345 nm (at 0%) to 333 nm (at 16%). The fluorescence intensity of HDL3 was diminished remarkably by the OSO treatment by up to 80% from the initial level, while SO-treated HDL did not. OSO-treated HDL3 showed slower electromobility with stronger band intensity and bigger HDL particle sizes than those of SO-treated HDL3. The paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity of HDL3 was enhanced by a co-treatment of OSO that was up to 2.3 times higher than HDL3 alone in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the co-treatment of SO even inhibited the PON activity. The cell viability of RAW264.7 by the OSO treatment was 3.3 times higher than the SO treatment at a high dose range (from 10% to 50%, final). The OSO also exhibited more cytoprotective effects than SO in brain microglial cells in the presence of H2O2 (final 0.03%); treatment with OSO impeded apoptosis and reduced ROS production more than an SO treatment did. In the presence of H2O2 alone, 86 ± 5% of the embryos were killed by cell explosion after 24 h, but a co-treatment of OSO (final 4%) resulted in almost no embryo death (98% survivability). Injection of oxLDL (15 ng of protein) into zebrafish embryos caused acute death, while the co-injection of OSO (final 2%) resulted in 2.8 times higher survivability than oxLDL alone. These results suggest new effects of ozonated oil, such as enhanced antioxidant activity, more cytoprotective ability, and higher embryo protection against oxidative stress. These results may be useful in developing new methods for the quality control of ozonated oil and an assessment of its efficacy.

Oxidative Stability and Protective Effect of the Mixture between Helianthus annuus L. and Oenothera biennis L. Oils on 3D Tissue Models of Skin Irritation and Phototoxicity

“…Withal, Liu et al demonstrated that the topical application of a moisturizer formulation containing linoleic acid and ceramides alongside glucocorticoids in patients with psoriasis led to a better maintaining of the stratum corneum hydration and decreased the adverse effects of the topical application of glucocorticoids [ 60 ]. Cho et al substantiated that ozonated sunflower oil has antimicrobial, antioxidant and protective capacities, sustaining the potential usage in cutaneous diseases [ 61 ]. HAO also reduced skin irritation induced by anionic and non-ionic surfactants in vivo, mainly due to the interaction of oil with proteins, which reduced the binding of the surfactants [ 62 ].…”

Enhancement of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Quantity and Quality by Regular and Habitual Exercise in Middle-Aged Women with Improvements in Lipid and Apolipoprotein Profiles: Larger Particle Size and Higher Antioxidant Ability of HDL

“…The relative electrophoretic mobility depends on the intact charge and three-dimensional structure of HDL. Therefore, for each group, agarose gel electrophoresis with HDL 2 and HDL 3 was carried out in the nondenatured state [ 46 ]. The gels were then dried and stained with 0.125% Coomassie Brilliant Blue, after which the relative band intensities were compared by band scanning using Gel Doc ® XR (Bio-Rad) with Quantity One software (version 4.5.2).…”

“…After a few seconds, the stained HDL fraction was blotted onto a Formvar carbon-coated 300 mesh copper grid and air-dried. The shape and size of the HDL particles were determined by TEM at 40,000× magnification, according to a previous report [ 43 , 46 ].…”

Long-Term Alcohol Consumption Caused a Significant Decrease in Serum High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein A-I with the Atherogenic Changes of HDL in Middle-Aged Korean Women

“…The relative electrophoretic mobility depends on the intact charge and three-dimensional structure of HDL. Hence, agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out with HDL 2 and HDL 3 from each group under the non-denatured state [ 41 ]. The gels were then dried and stained with 0.125% Coomassie Brilliant Blue, after which the relative band intensities were compared via band scanning using Gel Doc ® XR (Bio-Rad) with Quantity One software (version 4.5.2) of Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA).…”

“…After a few seconds, the stained HDL fraction was blotted onto a Formvar carbon-coated 300 mesh copper grid and air-dried. The shape and size of the HDL were determined by TEM at a magnification of 40,000×, according to a previous report [ 41 ].…”