Oyster Demographics in Harvested Reefs vs. No-Take Reserves: Implications for Larval Spillover and Restoration Success

Abstract

Fishery species that reside in no-take, marine reserves often show striking increases in size and abundance relative to harvested areas, with the potential for larval spillover to harvested populations. The benefits of spillover, however, may not be realized if the populations or habitats outside of reserves are too degraded. We quantified oyster population density and demographics such as recruitment, growth, mortality, and potential larval output as a function of two types of oyster management strategies in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA: (1) natural reefs + harvested and (2) restored reefs + harvested. We compared these data to demographic data collected as a function of a third type of management strategy, (3) restored reefs + protected from harvest. Mean oyster recruitment was ∼12 times higher in restored + harvested reefs than in natural + harvested reefs. Mean total oyster density was ∼8-to 72-times higher in restored + protected reefs than in restored + harvested or natural + harvested reefs, respectively. Moreover, harvested reefs exhibited truncated size structure, and few or no individuals greater than legal size (75 mm), whereas protected reefs typically had a polymodal size structure, including many large individuals. We estimate that restored + protected reefs have ∼4 to 700 times greater potential larval output m −2 than restored + harvested or natural + harvested reefs, respectively. After accounting for total sound-wide areal coverage of each reef type, total potential larval output from restored + protected reefs was ∼6 times greater than that from natural + harvested and restored + harvested reefs. Marine reserves can potentially subsidize harvested populations via larval spillover, however, in the case of oyster reefs in Pamlico Sound, the relatively degraded conditions of natural reefs (e.g., low vertical relief, low shell volume per square meter) may not provide much in the way of suitable settlement substrate to realize the benefits of larval spillover from reserves. Restoration of oyster reefs, even with a thin veneer of substrate, may improve settlement substrate to increase the benefits of larval spillover from reserves.

Offshore Neopycnodonte Oyster Reefs in the Mediterranean Sea

“…As exhaustively documented in the literature, oyster reefs serve as habitat refuge for many organisms like decapods and echinoids among invertebrates, and fishes among vertebrates often hosting species of commercial interest (e.g., [3][4][5][6][7][54][55][56][57]60,68]).…”

Restoration of eastern oyster populations with positive density dependence

“…While fishing mortality is rarely 100%, studies in Pamlico Sound have shown that the average number of legal‐sized oysters in harvested populations can be as low as 93% less that the average number of legal‐sized oysters in non‐harvested populations (Puckett and Eggleston , Peters et al. ). Thus, the harvested distribution used here roughly approximates a worst‐case scenario of a population experiencing severe harvesting pressure.…”

Integrating Larval Dispersal, Permitting, and Logistical Factors Within a Validated Habitat Suitability Index for Oyster Restoration

“…Attempts to restore oyster populations have generally involved three distinct strategies: (1) stock enhancement, the hatchery-production and subsequent "planting" of juveniles in the wild, (2) cultch-planting, the deployment of a thin veneer of oyster shell to replace shell (i.e., settlement substrate) removed through commercial oyster harvest to promote colonization by larval oysters, and (3) no-harvest sanctuaries, the designation of areas protected from harvest within which, large high-relief artificial reefs are constructed to provide settlement substrate (Coen and Luckenbach, 2000;Laing et al, 2006;Paynter et al, 2010;Peters et al, 2017). This study focuses on identifying optimal locations for no-harvest sanctuaries in a manner that is complementary to the existing sanctuaries in Pamlico Sound, with the goal of designing a sanctuary network that functions as a self-persistent metapopulation capable of providing larval subsides to commercially harvested oyster reefs (Puckett and Eggleston, 2016).…”