?-Oxytryptophan als ?Prokynurenin? in der zur Augenpigmentbildung f�hrenden Reaktionskette bei Insekten

Butenandt, Adolf; Weidel, Wolfhard; Becker, Erich

doi:10.1007/bf01557880

Cited by 51 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Normal chaetae and extra chaetae induced in h flies derive from a mother cell by two differential mitoses. Stern (10) found the h chaetae to be innervated, (11), to maternal enzymes (12), maternal messenger RNA (13), or "structural matrices" (14) in the oocyte. In the cases treated here, the mechanism is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Analysis of Cell Heredity in Imaginal Discs of Drosophila melanogaster

Garcı́a-Bellido

Merriam

1971

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Somatic crossing-over was used in heterozygous Drosophila melanogaster to effect clonal homozygosity for three mutants (h, Hw, ac). In these mutants, one type of process, chaetae, replaces another type, trichomes, in specific patterns on the adult fly. Heterozygous individuals were irradiated at different larval or pupal ages with x-rays and the somatic crossing-over was identified in the adult cuticle by genetically coupled mutants serving as cell markers of chaetae and trichomes. Induction of homozygosis more than 8 hr before puparium formation resulted in autonomous differentiation of the mutant pattern in the homozygous patch of tissue for the three mutants tested; homozygosis induced within 8 hr of puparium formation was not followed by expression of the corresponding genotype. 8 hr before puparium formation, each cell type still has to divide twice before metamorphosis and differentiation. Thus, the genetically conditioned decision of a specific cell to differentiate either a chaeta or a trichome is made during the growth of the wing imaginal disc and is transmitted clonally to descendant cells. Once this decision has been made, subsequent changes in the genotype of the cell or of its daughters are not material to the fate of the cell. We introduce the term "perdurance" to designate the persistence of a cellular developmental fate for several cell generations after the loss of the genetic basis for that cellular development.The adult integument of insects is formed by the differentiation of a continuous sheet of cells into a chitinous surface including distinct cellular elements such as trichomes, chaetae, and sense organs. These elements differ in appearance and in distribution over the regions of the body, giving rise to characteristic cuticular patterns. Little is known about the mechanism determining the localized differentiation of such cuticular elements from the histologically homogeneous cell population found in the imaginal discs (1).One approach to this problem has been to follow the cell lineage of regions of the adult cuticle by use of somatic crossing-over to make homozygous in a few cells mutant markers that are heterozygous in the remaining cells (2). Mutants of Drosophila are known that alter the shape, color, or number of the differentiated cellular elements (termed "cell-marker mutants") and can be used to record in the adult cuticle the clonal descent of cells propagated during the larval stages. Other mutants are known that modify the organization of the cells into the regional patterns (termed "pattern mutants") and can be made homozygous in patches to analyze the effect of mixing mutant and normal patterns of the same regions.We use here the technique of somatic crossing-over to make clones homozygous for pattern mutants that insert chaetae Abbreviation: PF, puparium formation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Analysis of Cell Heredity in Imaginal Discs of Drosophila melanogaster

Garcı́a-Bellido

Merriam

1971

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…P-Oxindolylalanine has not yet been found in mammalian tissues or excreta, but Wieland & Witkop (1940) obtained it from the hydrolysate of phalloidin, a toxic peptide from Amanita phalloides. Moreover, it was shown by Butenandt, Weidel & Becker (1940) that Wieland & Witkop's amino-acid was only slightly less active than kynurenine as precursor of the eye pigment of certain mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster.…”

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dl-β-3-Oxindolylalanine (dl-hydroxytryptophan). 1. Synthesis

Cornforth

Dalgliesh

et al. 1951

Biochemical Journal

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“…Lederer (1940) reported 19 per cent N in a red pigment from wild-type eyes, Becket (1942) 6.79 to 17.2 per cent N in so called "ommatine" pigments of insects, which he believed include the brown component of the Drosophila eye. The latter appears to be derived from tryptophane through the intermediate formation of a-oxytryptophane and kynurenin (Beadle and Tatum, 1941;Butenandt, Weidel, and Becker, 1940 a, b;Kikkawa, 1941).…”

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Fractionation of the Eye Pigments of Drosophila Melanogaster

Wald

Allen

1946

Journal of General Physiology

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Optically isolating each of the sensory elements or ommatidia of the eye of the fruitfly, Drosophila mdanogaster, are groups of pigment cells. To these the eye owes its color. In the wild-type eye the cells contain granules which range in color from yellow to red or purplish red.The main body of the eye pigments can be extracted with water. The solutions exhibit characteristic color changes with pH and with oxidizing and reducing agents (cf. Schultz, 1935; Laki, 1935,36). Two groups of pigments appear to be present in the wild-type eye, designated as the red and the brown components (Mainx, 1938). The mutant scarlet, vermilion, and cinnabar eyes apparently contain only members of the red component, brown eyes only the brown component (Wright, 1932;Mainx, 1938). According to Mainx only the red component dissolves readily in water. The brown component is much more difficultly soluble; it is irreversibly decolorized and simultaneously dissolved by alkaline solutions.Some evidence exists that the red component is multiple in nature (Ephrussi, 1945), and that the red component pigments are different in sepia and wildtype eyes (Mainx, 1938). Pigments of both groups appear to contain a high proportion of nitrogen. Lederer (1940) reported 19 per cent N in a red pigment from wild-type eyes, Becket (1942) 6.79 to 17.2 per cent N in so called "ommatine" pigments of insects, which he believed include the brown component of the Drosophila eye. The latter appears to be derived from tryptophane through the intermediate formation of a-oxytryptophane and kynurenin (Beadle and Tatum, 1941;Butenandt, Weidel, and Becker, 1940 a, b;Kikkawa, 1941).The present experiments are a contribution toward the fractionation and characterization of the eye pigments of wild-type and mutant Drosophilas.They were performed in 1941-42, and were interrupted by the departure of one of us for military service. OBSERVATIONSWhole heads of flies (500 to 1500, 1 to 4 days after emergence) were extracted with distilled water after grinding in a mortar. As a control for the possible presence of pigment in head tissues other than the eye, similar numbers of heads of whiteeyed flies were extracted. They yielded negligible amounts of pigment.

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?-Oxytryptophan als ?Prokynurenin? in der zur Augenpigmentbildung f�hrenden Reaktionskette bei Insekten

Cited by 51 publications

References 4 publications

Genetic Analysis of Cell Heredity in Imaginal Discs of Drosophila melanogaster

Genetic Analysis of Cell Heredity in Imaginal Discs of Drosophila melanogaster

dl-β-3-Oxindolylalanine (dl-hydroxytryptophan). 1. Synthesis

Fractionation of the Eye Pigments of Drosophila Melanogaster

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