Oxytocin enhances clearance of radiocolloid from the uterine lumen of reproductively normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis

LeBlanc, Michelle M.; Neuwirth, Lisa; Mauragis, D.; Klapstein, E.; Tran, T.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04387.x

Cited by 77 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The administration of oxytocin (20 U lM) at 4 to 8 hours after mating has been shown to effectively clear the uterus, resulting in improved pregnancy rates in susceptible mares (LeBlanc et al, 1994b;LeBlanc 1994;Pycock, 1994, Rasch et al, 1996. Prostaglandins have also been demonstrated to increase myometrial activity and assist in clearing the uterine lumen of contaminating products (froedsson et al, 1995b;Troedsson et al, 1995c).…”

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confidence: 99%

Therapeutic considerations for mating-induced endometritis

Troedsson¹

1997

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SummaryA transient mating-induced endometritis is most likely physiological in the mare, serving to remove excess spermatozoa, seminal plasma, and contaminants from the uterus. However, the inflammatory reaction has to be resolved and inflammatory products cleared from the uterus prior to embryonal descent into the uterine lumen. Mares that fail to clear a semen-induced inflammation from the uterus develop a persistent mating-induced endometritis which may result in infedility. lf susceptibility to persistent mating-induced endometritis is suspected, the mare should be monitored by transrectal ultrasonography for intrauterine fluid accumulation at 6-1 2 hours intervals after breeding. Treatment should be aimed at assisting the uterus to physically clear contaminants and inflammatory products. Post-mating uterine lavage and/or the use of uterotonic drugs are recommended aI 6 12 hours after breeding in mares susceptible to persistent endometritis. Endometritis is a major cause of subfertility in the mare and has a significant economic impact on the equine industry (Dimmock 1939; Collins, 1964;Bain, 1966;Hughes et al., 1966;Ricketts 1975; Gordon and Sarlin, 1978;Kenney, 1978; Doig et al., 1981; de la Conch-Bermejillo and Kennedy, 1982;Traub-Dargatz et al., 7997J. Based on the current understandjng of its etiology and pathophysiology, endometritis should be considered as a multifactorial disease with at least four different causes: (1) sexually transmitted diseases, (2) chronic infectious endometritis, (3) persisting mating-induced endometritis, and (4) endometrosis (chronic degenerative endometritis). Sexually transmitted diseases and chronic infectious endometritis are often diagnosed first after the invading microorganism already has adhered to the endometrial epithelium and started its replication in the uterus. Similar to infectious diseases in other organ systems, infections in the female reproductive tract (sexually transmitted endometritis and chronic infectious endometritis) are most effectively treated with an appropriate antic t o microbial. In contrast to infectious endometritis, matinginduced endometritis has a known starting point and treatment can therefore, be initiated before the infection or inflammation has established itself in the endometrium. This report will review the therapeutic aspects and pathophysiology (as it relates to therapy) of mating-induced endometriti s . Pathophysiology of mating-induced endometritisRegardless of if mares are bred by natural service or by artificial insemination, semen is deposited directly into the uterus. This provides an excellent oppodunity for uterine contamination with bacteria. In addition, recent reporls have shown that soermatozoa without bacterial contamination induce an uterine inflammatory response (Kotilainen et al., 1994; Troedsson, 1995; Troedsson et al., 7995a). RaIher than considering a transient post-mating endometritis as a pathological condition, mating-induced endometritis isPferdeheilkunde 13

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confidence: 99%

Therapeutic considerations for mating-induced endometritis

Troedsson¹

1997

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“…Myometrial contractility was concluded to be an essential part of uterine defense mechanisms. In subsequent studies, the importance of physical uterine clearance was confirmed by the observations that administration of uterotonic drugs to mares with delayed uterine clearance resulted in normal clearance of colloids from the uterus, and treatments of mares with normal uterine clearance with prostaglandin inhibitors made them susceptible to delayed uterine clearance (LeBlanc et al 1994b). Measuring isometric tension of the myometrium in normal mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance, it was suggested that mares with delayed uterine clearance have an intrinsic defect in myometrial function (Rigby et al 2001).…”

Section: Persistent Breeding-induced Endometritismentioning

confidence: 96%

“…No difference was found between susceptible and resistant mares in the absence of an inflammation. In addition, it has been shown that susceptible mares are fully capable of responding with normal contractility to ecbolic drugs such as oxytocin and PGF2α (LeBlanc et al 1994b). Alghamdi et al (2005) suggested that impaired uterine activity during inflammation in susceptible mares may be caused by an upregulation of inducable nitric oxide synthasase (iNOS) in inflammatory cells in the endometrium of susceptible mares.…”

Section: Persistent Breeding-induced Endometritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent breeding-induced endometritis

Troedsson¹,

Desvousges²,

Macpherson³

et al. 2008

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Pferdeheilkunde 24 56 IntroductionIn the past, endometritis was believed to exclusively be the result of bacterial contamination of the uterus (Asbury and Lyle 1993). Treatment strategies were focused on preventing bacteria from entering the uterus, and/or administration of antibiotics. Hughes and Loy (1969) demonstrated that young reproductively sound mares had natural resistance to an experimentally induced infection. They concluded that local components of uterine defense were responsible for the effective and rapid clearance of bacteria in mares with natural resistance to uterine infection. Mares that failed to spontaneously clear the uterus from bacteria were classified as susceptible to persistent endometritis. Subsequent research on uterine defense mechanisms has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of equine endometritis. Causative agents have been identified, and we have learned to distinguish between uterine infection and a physiological breeding-induced endometritis resulting from uterine exposure to semen (Troedsson et al. 1995a, Troedsson 1999. Additionally, more effective management and treatment protocols have reduced the effect of endometritis on fertility. However, endometritis remains a major clinical problem in brood mare practice. The reasons for this may be that effective management/treatment of "susceptible" mares have resulted in maintaining these mares within our brood mare population, possibly also affecting the gene pool. Breeding-induced endometritisIntrauterine deposition of equine semen causes an inflammatory reaction resulting from spermatozoa (Kotilainen et al. SummaryBreeding-induced endometritis is a physiological reaction to semen. It is an important part of normal sperm transport to the oviduct as well as elimination of excess sperm from the uterus. In 10-15% of brood mares, the normal clearance mechanism fails resulting in a persistent breeding-induced endometritis with severe consequences on fertility. The cause of persistent breeding-induce endometritis is believed to be impaired myometrial activity in response to uterine inflammation. However, disruption of normal breeding activities may also contribute to the condition. Social interaction with a stallion appears to be important to normal uterine contractility after breeding. The presence of seminal plasma in an inseminate has also been shown to be of importance to normal sperm transport and elimination from the female tract, as well as in the modulation of the breeding-induced inflammation. Treatment of persistent breeding-induced endometritis has been focused on assisting the uterus to clear the inflammation in a timely fashion. Post-breeding treatments with oxytocin or prostaglandins and/or uterine lavage at 6-24 hours after breeding have been used by practitioners with good success. Alternative treatments such as the use of corticosteroids, immunostimulants, and acupuncture have recently been suggested to improve uterine clearance and fertility in mares that are susceptible to persistent breeding-induced ...

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“…It had been suspected that exogenous OT around the time of ovulation could adversely influence the transport and function of gametes (Allen 1991). LeBlanc et al (1994) showed how OT enhanced uterine clearance both in normal and in infertile mares. Since that many studies have reported the beneficial effect of OT treatment post-mating on removal of IU fluid accumulations and on pregnancy rates (Pycock 1994, Pycock and Newcombe 1996, Rasch et al 1996, Knutti et al 2000.…”

Section: Oxytocinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on endometritis therapy

Katila¹

2016

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IntroductionThe corner stones of equine endometritis therapy are still antimicrobials and support of uterine evacuation. Chelating agents are recommended to increase the effect of antibiotics particularly in biofilm producing organisms. The use of mucolytics has increased and kerosene and DMSO have been replaced by N-acetylcysteine. Immunomodulators, corticosteroids and cell-wall extracts, are the recent additions to our toolkit. Platelet-rich-plasma is the newest therapeutic method but needs still more research. Platelet-rich plasmaPlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) is autologous blood plasma that has been enriched with platelets by centrifugation. It contains -and releases through degranulation -several different growth factors and cytokines that stimulate tissue repair. Although PRP is used in many indications in human medicine, large-scale controlled clinical trials are lacking.Three abstracts have been published about the treatment of equine endometritis using PRP. Metcalf and Troedsson (2012) used 9 barren mares with a history of persistent mating induced endometritis (PMIE). The mares were inseminated and an endometrial biopsy was obtained the following day. All mares underwent an untreated cycle followed by a PRP-treated cycle. The mRNA expression of interleukins (IL) 1b, 6 and 8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly downregulated in the treated cycle as compared to the non-treated cycle. In the next experiment, Metcalf (2014) had 16 mares that had been barren for >2 years. The mares underwent a non-treated cycle and a cycle where 10 ml of PRP was infused into the uterus before insemination (AI). Pregnancy rate in the treated cycle was significantly higher than in the non-treated cycle (67 vs 19 %) and accumulation of intraluminal fluid was significantly less (22 vs 100 %). Reghini et al. (2014) inseminated 15 resistant and 8 susceptible mares in two cycles: treated and non-treated. In the treatment cycle, the mares received 20 ml of PRP into the uterus 4 h after AI. The resistant mares showed no differences between the cycles in NO concentration or in intrauterine (IU) fluid accumulation, but neutrophils in cytology diminished during the treated cycle. In susceptible mares, a significant decrease was observed after PRP treatment in the three parameters examined. All three experiments were conducted with a small number of mares, so no definite conclusions can be drawn. However, PRP might be worth trying to control PMIE in problem mares that do not seem to benefit from standard treatments. Immune modulatorsThe breeding induced inflammation involves chemokine-initiated recruitment of neutrophils to the uterus leading to the removal of excess spermatozoa and pathogens. There is a delicate balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Susceptible mares appear to have altered expression of cytokines, particularly a deficit in the production of anti- Summary: The corner stones of equine endometritis therapy are still antimicrobials and support of uterine evacuation. Ecbolic hormones, oxyt...

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Oxytocin enhances clearance of radiocolloid from the uterine lumen of reproductively normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis

Cited by 77 publications

References 9 publications

Therapeutic considerations for mating-induced endometritis

Therapeutic considerations for mating-induced endometritis

Persistent breeding-induced endometritis

Update on endometritis therapy

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