Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin systems in the domestication process

Fam, Bibiana S.O.; Paré, Pamela; Felkl, Aline Brugnera; Vargas-Pinilla, Pedro; Paixão‐Côrtes, Vanessa Rodrigues; Viscardi, Lucas Henriques; Bortolini, María Cátira

doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0069

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Interestingly, one study reports that the association between digit ratio and cognitive empathy is contingent on one of the OXTR SNPs (rs53576) we mentioned in the Results, showing a three-way association between testosterone, oxytocin and empathy 104 . In the context of the selfdomestication hypothesis, it is worth pointing out that both oxytocin and vasopressin receptors have been found to be under relaxed selective constraint in domesticated species 105 , and have been claimed to facilitate domestication 106 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin and vasotocin receptor variation sheds light into the evolution of human prosociality

Theofanopoulou

Andirkó

Boeckx

et al. 2018

Preprint

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10Modern humans' lifestyle strongly depends on complex social skills like empathy, tolerance and cooperation. Variation in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and the arginine-vasopressin receptors (AVPR1A, AVPR1B genes) has been widely associated with diverse facets of social cognition, but the extent to which these variants may have contributed to the evolution of human prosociality remains to be elucidated. In this study, we compared the OXTR, AVPR1A and AVPR1B DNA sequences of modern humans to those of our closest extinct and extant relatives, and then clustered the variants we identified based on their distribution in the species studied. This clustering, along with the functional importance retrieved for each variant and their frequency in different modern-human populations, is then used to determine if any of the OXTR, AVPR1A and AVPR1B-variants might have had an impact at different evolutionary stages. We report a total of 29 SNPs, associated with phenotypic effects ranging from clearly pro-social to mixed or antisocial. Regarding modern human-specific alleles that could correlate with a shift towards prosociality in modern-humans, we highlight one allele in AVPR1A (rs11174811), found at high frequency and linked to prosocial phenotypes in modern humans, while the ancestral allele is associated with antisocial phenotypes. We also report three sites of putatively convergent changes between modern humans and bonobos (rs237897(A), rs2228485(G) and rs1042615(A)), and note the absence of such a convergent pattern between modern humans and chimpanzees. Finally, we observe the high concentration of 'modern human specific' alleles in vasopressin receptors not paralleled in the oxytocin receptor. 11 1 Introduction 12 Oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) are important neurotransmitters that function through their respective receptors to 13 regulate a diverse set of biological processes, such as pregnancy and uterine contractions, milk-ejection, copulation and orgasm, 14 attachment between mothers and their young, bond formation, suppression of stress, thermoregulation, olfactory processing, 15 eye-contact and recognition of familiar individuals 1 . OXT and AVP are closely related structurally and evolutionarily: they 16 have been argued to be the product of a local duplication event that took place before the origin of vertebrates 2 , and they only 17 differ in two (of the nine) amino acids, although they display differences at a functional level 1 . Each binds to their respective 18 receptor(s) (OXTR in the case of oxytocin, and AVPR1A, AVPR1B, and AVPR2 in the case of vasopressin), but their molecular 19 similarities allow for crosstalk in the brain and peripheral organs 3 . 20Variation in the genes that code for OXT and AVP receptors (OXTR and mainly AVPR1A and AVPR1B) have long been 21 associated with different social behaviors 4 . Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes in modern humans have 22 been claimed to be implicated in altruism, face recognition, stress levels and empathy, but also in socioco...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin and vasotocin receptor variation sheds light into the evolution of human prosociality

Theofanopoulou

Andirkó

Boeckx

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Bovine or porcine brisket disease induced by moderate neonatal hypoxia is a representative model of human PPHN, with similar features of histological remodeling, hypoxic pulmonary vasospasm, and vascular receptor sensitization . While the endogenously released form of vasopressin in domestic pigs is lysine vasopressin, they do have a known response to arginine vasopressin, expressing AVPR1 and AVPR2 receptors . Our use of arginine vasopressin allowed us to measure pharmacodynamics of infusion, without interference from the endogenous hormone, the serum levels of which can surge following perinatal hypoxia .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AVPR1a expression was comparable in both ventricles (Figure 8Biii, 22,27 While the endogenously released form of vasopressin in domestic pigs is lysine vasopressin, they do have a known response to arginine vasopressin, expressing AVPR1 and AVPR2 receptors. 28 Our use of arginine vasopressin allowed us to measure pharmacodynamics of infusion, without interference from the endogenous hormone, the serum levels of which can surge following perinatal hypoxia. 29 Endogenous lysine vasopressin was not measured; while its action was not a target of this study, it is possible that some endogenous vasopressin release may have occurred in the hypoxic animals.…”

Section: Avpr1a Expression In Aorta Was Attenuated In Pphn Animals Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of vasopressin on a porcine model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Amer

Elsayed

Graham

et al. 2019

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Background Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is due to a failure of pulmonary vascular relaxation. Vasopressin, a systemic vasoconstrictor acting on smooth muscle AVPR1a receptors, is used in treatment of PPHN. We sought to determine acute effects of vasopressin infusion on pulmonary hemodynamics in a large animal model of hypoxic PPHN. Methods PPHN was induced in 6 newborn piglets by 72 h normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.10); controls were 7 age‐matched 3‐day‐old piglets. Animals were anesthetized and ventilated with central venous and arterial lines, and after stabilization, randomized using a crossover design to normoxic or hypoxic ventilation, then 30 min infusion of 0.0012 U/kg/min vasopressin, followed by 45 min vasopressin washout period. Echocardiographic parameters and oxygen consumption were measured before and after vasopressin. Relaxation to vasopressin was tested in isolated PPHN and control pulmonary arteries by isometric myography. Expression of AVPR1a receptor mRNA was quantified in arterial and myocardial tissues. Results Vasopressin did not alleviate hypoxia‐responsiveness of PPHN pulmonary circuit. There were no significant differences in pulmonary hypertension, cardiac function indices, or oxygenation indices after vasopressin infusion. Vasopressin did not dilate control or PPHN pulmonary arteries, and AVPR1 was minimally expressed. Conclusions Vasopressin does not have a direct pulmonary vasodilator effect in PPHN, within the timeframe studied.

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“…We argue the variances that emerged as we moved down the food chain originally had positive reasons by creating small intellectual classes and larger labour i.e. work-forces with higher fertility, but such variances are now too extreme, no longer necessary, and may be dangerous 129–153 (Figure 4).…”

Section: Nicotinamide and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotinamide as Independent Variable for Intelligence, Fertility, and Health: Origin of Human Creative Explosions?

Williams

Hill

2019

Int J�Tryptophan�Res

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Meat and nicotinamide acquisition was a defining force during the 2-million-year evolution of the big brains necessary for, anatomically modern, Homo sapiens to survive. Our next move was down the food chain during the Mesolithic ‘broad spectrum’, then horticultural, followed by the Neolithic agricultural revolutions and progressively lower average ‘doses’ of nicotinamide. We speculate that a fertility crisis and population bottleneck around 40 000 years ago, at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, was overcome by Homo (but not the Neanderthals) by concerted dietary change plus profertility genes and intense sexual selection culminating in behaviourally modern Homo sapiens. Increased reliance on the ‘de novo’ synthesis of nicotinamide from tryptophan conditioned the immune system to welcome symbionts, such as TB (that excrete nicotinamide), and to increase tolerance of the foetus and thereby fertility. The trade-offs during the warmer Holocene were physical and mental stunting and more infectious diseases and population booms and busts. Higher nicotinamide exposure could be responsible for recent demographic and epidemiological transitions to lower fertility and higher longevity, but with more degenerative and auto-immune disease.

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Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin systems in the domestication process

Cited by 15 publications

References 56 publications

Oxytocin and vasotocin receptor variation sheds light into the evolution of human prosociality

Oxytocin and vasotocin receptor variation sheds light into the evolution of human prosociality

Effect of vasopressin on a porcine model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Nicotinamide as Independent Variable for Intelligence, Fertility, and Health: Origin of Human Creative Explosions?

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