Oxygenate fuels: Market expansion and catalytic aspect of synthesis

Ancillotti, Francesco; Fattore, V.

doi:10.1016/s0378-3820(98)00081-2

Cited by 144 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Weak basic substances as nitriles, principally propionitrile and acetonitrile (ACN) in the C 4 and C 5 cuts, do not neutralize directly the active centers. They react with water (hydrolisis) or with alcohols (alcoholysis) to form more basic products, like ammonia, that neutralize the sulfonic groups, what leads to a diffused neutralization as they are adsorbed uniformly along the whole catalytic bed [5,6]. The partial neutralization of the resin through these mechanisms produces a significant decay of its catalytic activity, as it has been reported that neutralization of about 10% of the sulfonic groups originated an activity decrease of about 30% [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Deactivation of Ion Exchange Catalysts by Acetonitrile and Methylamine

et al. 2011

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The deactivating effect of acetonitrile (ACN) and monomethylamine (MMA) on ion-exchange resins Amberlyst TM 35 WET and Amberlyst TM 15 WET in the ETBE synthesis at different temperatures and poison concentrations has been studied. Deactivation is enhanced at high temperature and high poison concentration. MMA presents a higher deactivating effect than ACN. Amberlyst TM 35 WET is more active, and presents a higher resistance to deactivation than Amberlyst TM 15 WET. At integral regime, a stochiometric ratio of the fed poison and the active centers has been determined. At differential regime, two different periods have been observed as deactivation progresses, and an empirical expression of the exponential activity decay for Amberlyst TM 35 WET is proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Deactivation of Ion Exchange Catalysts by Acetonitrile and Methylamine

et al. 2011

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“…9 Dehydrogenation of isobutyric acid and oxidation of methacrolein can be given as examples to applications of heteropolyacid catalysts in oxidation reactions. 10 Acidity of these catalysts was stated to be higher than mineral acids, such as H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 . 11 In a work conducted by Thomas et al, 12 activities of two heteropoly acid catalysts, namely silica supported silicotungstic acid (STA) and tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) were compared by 1 H MAS NMR analysis, in terms of coverage and dehydroxylation temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activated carbon supported silicotungstic acid catalysts for ethyl‐tert‐butyl ether synthesis

2011

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in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).Vapor phase ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) production was conducted in the presence of Cesium salts of silicotungstic acid (Cs-STA), activated carbon supported silicotungstic acid (AC-STA), and activated carbon supported Cesium salts of silicotungstic acid (AC-Cs-STA) catalysts. Isobutene (IB) conversion to ETBE at 373 K were determined as 0.16 and 0.2 for STA and AC-STA catalysts on constant space time basis. This increase of activity is one of the highlights of this study considering that STA loading in AC-STA catalysts had been adjusted to 40%. IB conversion to ETBE obtained at 373 K in the presence of AC-STA catalyst was found to be close to equilibrium. Stability of the synthesized catalysts were tested by applying a washing procedure with ethanol. Repeated ETBE synthesis with thoroughly washed samples indicated quite stable and active catalyts.

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“…Most of ethers are derived from methanol and ethanol [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and some from butanol [26] and glycerol [27][28][29]. Although methanol can also be produced from biomass, the production is cost-intensive and therefore it is currently made from natural gas which is more cost-competitive [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Etherification Process for Cleaner Fuel Production

et al. 2008

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The process of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline self-etherification with ethanol has several benefits. Firstly, the gasoline volume is effectively increased by adding ethers produced from ethanol which is renewable. Secondly, the etherified gasoline product has higher octane number with lower blending Reid vapor pressure (bRvp) and amount of olefins content. Two catalysts; i.e., Amberlyst 16 and Beta-zeolite are used for etherification in this study. The bRvp of etherified FCC gasoline is lower than that of ethanol direct blend gasoline (called gasohol) and also could be lower than that of original FCC gasoline with moderate ethanol conversion. However, the octane number of etherified FCC gasoline catalyzed by Amberlyst 16 is slightly lower than that of gasohol. Beta-zeolite is a more suitable catalyst than Amberlyst 16 for the etherification of FCC gasoline with ethanol because not only a better catalytic activity for etherification, but some isomerization also occurs without aromatization. Therefore it offers improved gasoline products with higher research octane number and gasoline renewability with lower bRvp than that of gasohol. Olefins and ethanol conversions increase with increasing ethanol ratio in feed. Nevertheless, ethanol feed ratio is limited specification of distillation temperatures which are dependent on the evaporation of ethanol and its amount. The cold start problem might not be occurred even in low bRvp as proven by satisfied drivability index.

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Oxygenate fuels: Market expansion and catalytic aspect of synthesis

Cited by 144 publications

References 63 publications

Deactivation of Ion Exchange Catalysts by Acetonitrile and Methylamine

Deactivation of Ion Exchange Catalysts by Acetonitrile and Methylamine

Activated carbon supported silicotungstic acid catalysts for ethyl‐tert‐butyl ether synthesis

Self-Etherification Process for Cleaner Fuel Production

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