Oxygenate Conversion over Solid Phosphoric Acid

Klerk, Arno de; Nel, Reinier J. J.; Schwarzer, Renier Bernhard

doi:10.1021/ie061522b

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…7, the first route is acid condensation, which turns the oxygenates into alkanes, isoalkanes, and aromatics with a zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst. The reactions include dehydration of oxygenates to alkenes, oligomerization of the alkenes to heavier alkenes, cracking, cyclization and dehydrogenation of heavier alkenes to aromatics, alkane isomerization, and hydrogen-transfer to form alkanes [162,164,165]. The heavier species of the products can be distilled and blended into jet fuel.…”

Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-jet fuel conversion technologies

Wang

Tao

2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

400

188

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Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-jet fuel conversion technologies

Wang

Tao

2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

400

188

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…For example, ketones have the least effect, with only mild inhibition of alkene OLI reactions, whereas alcohols, ethers and esters may cause significant inhibition of alkene OLI. 66 The inhibiting effects of oxygenates were confirmed by comparing butene OLI of oxygenate-free and oxygenate-rich feeds. 46 The conversion of butenes in the latter feed was always lower.…”

Section: Oxygenate-related Deactivationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The effect of water on catalysts such as SPA, acidic resin and sulfated zirconia is pronounced and water may easily form by various acidcatalysed oxygenate reactions. 66,159 Carbonyl compounds have an especially rich chemistry. Acid-catalysed aldol condensation and aromatisation of carbonyl compounds can lead to the formation of carbonaceous deposits that may cause catalyst deactivation.…”

Section: Oxygenate-related Deactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

2010

Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude

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The catalysis of conversion technologies that are found in most commercial Fischer–Tropsch upgrading and refining facilities are discussed. Four main classes of catalysis are considered, namely a) alkene oligomerisation, b) isomerisation and hydroisomerisation of alkanes and alkenes, c) cracking and hydrocracking, and d) hydrotreating. The focus is on catalysis, with aspects such as oxygenates, oxygenate related deactivation, commercial processes and Fischer–Tropsch application specifics being highlighted.

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“…12,13 The catalysts that have been investigated so far are essentially the same as those investigated previously for the conversion of petroleum and petrochemicals. Much research is needed to find optimum catalysts for these conversions; they might require supports as well as catalytic components different from those used in fossil fuel conversion.…”

Section: Conversion Of Biomass Through Sugars and Other Small Organicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalysts for Emerging Energy Applications

et al. 2008

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Catalysis is the essential technology for chemical transformation, including production of fuels from the fossil resources petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Typical catalysts for these conversions are robust porous solids incorporating metals, metal oxides, and/or metal sulfides. As efforts are stepping up to replace fossil fuels with biomass, new catalysts for the conversion of the components of biomass will be needed. Although the catalysts for biomass conversion might be substantially different from those used in the conversion of fossil feedstocks, the latter catalysts are a starting point in today's research. Major challenges lie ahead in the discovery of efficient biomass conversion catalysts, as well as in the discovery of catalysts for conversion of CO 2 and possibly water into liquid fuels. What Is a Catalyst?Catalysts make chemical reactions go faster without being substantially consumed themselves. Although a catalyst changes the rate at which reactant molecules are converted into product molecules, it does not change the reaction equilibrium. If a reaction were to proceed all the way to equilibrium, the products and product distribution would be the same whether or not a catalyst were involved. However, many reactions do not proceed to equilibrium, and so a catalyst influences not just how fast the chemical change occurs, but also the distribution of products that are formed.A catalyst works by opening a new reaction pathway that is impossible without it-that is, by combining chemically with reactant molecules and forming intermediates that are converted into products more rapidly than would be possible if the reactants were present alone. A catalyzed reaction is almost always characterized by a lower energy barrier than the same reaction when not catalyzed.When a catalyst combines chemically with a reactant molecule, it forms an intermediate, which is usually converted in a sequence of steps into other intermediates and finally into products. Then the catalyst releases the product molecules and thereby becomes restored to its initial state, allowing it to combine with another reactant molecule and function again. Good catalysts undergo this process over and over again. Thus, catalytic reactions are cyclic, switching between the initial and final states with intermediate states along the way that involve partially or fully converted reactants. Ideally, a catalytic cycle continues without limit, but in reality, undesired changes render catalysts less active with continued use, and so the catalysts must be regenerated or replaced-to the benefit of the catalyst manufacturing industry.Some catalysts increase rates of reaction by many orders of magnitude. A measure of how fast the reaction occurs is the catalytic activity. When reactants can be converted into various products, catalysts are chosen to favor the desired products; selectivity is a measure of how fast one reaction takes place relative to others and, thus, of how much the product(s) of that reaction dominate(s) in the overall product m...

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Oxygenate Conversion over Solid Phosphoric Acid

Cited by 17 publications

References 39 publications

Bio-jet fuel conversion technologies

Bio-jet fuel conversion technologies

Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

Catalysts for Emerging Energy Applications

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