“…To date, many types of materials, including metals (e.g., Pt, Fe, Ni, and Co), oxides (e.g., MnO 2 Ti 4 O 7 , VO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , TiO 2−x , and WO 3−x ), sulfides (e.g., CoS 2 , Mo 6 S 8 , MoS 2 , WS 2 , Sb 2 S 3 , VS 4 , and Co 3 S 4 ), nitrides (e.g., VN, Co 4 N, and TiN), phosphides (e.g., MoP and Ni 2 P), carbides (e.g., TiC, NbC, and W 2 C), metal-free compounds (e.g., black P, doped carbon, BN, and C 3 N 4 ), and their derived heterostructured materials (e.g., TiO 2 /MXenes) have been studied as effective catalysts for boosting the oxygen vacancy conversion reactions in Li-S batteries. [332][333][334][335][336][337][338][339][340] Furthermore, some emerging research directions on this topic include i) the rational design of heterostructured materials (e.g., TiO 2 / Ni 3 S 2 ) as bidirectional catalysts for both oxidation and reduction reactions, [341] ii) the use of single atom/clusters-based catalysts (e.g., Zn/MXenes and Mo/CNTs) capable of maximizing catalytic Table 2. Summary of nano polymorphism strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of anodes.…”