Oxygen uptake measurements to identify the cause of unexpected differences between accelerated and outdoor weathering

Gijsman, Pieter; Sampers, Jacques

doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-9505(19981201)261-262:1<77::aid-apmc77>3.3.co;2-5

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…[20,21] It is worth noting that in all cases results are discussed on the basis of photodegradation rates. Hence, in further developments, we will focused our attention on the impact of environmental factors on the nature and reactivity of ROOH(R) in order to correlate the lifetime of elastomers in different outdoor weathering locations for a similar climatic site.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Atmosphere on the Reactivity of Peroxidic Species upon Photooxidation of Polymers

Fraïsse

Kumar

Commereuc

et al. 2004

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Summary: This paper gives an account of preliminary results about the impact of an oxidative atmosphere on peroxidation. Attention is focused on the level, nature, and reactivity of (hydro)peroxides with respect to the oxidative component concentration. Our main result is surprising: a lower peroxidation rate occurs, but a higher content of hydroperoxides are formed in air than in pure oxygen atmospheres. The results may lead to an approach to understand the influence of atmospheric factors on the outdoor weathering of polymers.The device used to measure the oxygen uptake of the systems studied here.imageThe device used to measure the oxygen uptake of the systems studied here.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Atmosphere on the Reactivity of Peroxidic Species upon Photooxidation of Polymers

Fraïsse

Kumar

Commereuc

et al. 2004

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…Several studies undertaken using different types of polyolefin have shown that the rate of oxidation increases at higher relative humidity or air temperature. 12,13,15 It has been proposed that higher relative humidity enhances the formation of hydroxyl radicals. 17,18 It has also been shown in a study conducted by Sampers 12 that PE lifetime estimates from accelerated laboratory aging are much longer than those actually measured during outdoor weathering trials, even considering the combination of these fundamental parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of soil environment on the photo‐degradation of polyethylene films

Gauthier

Nikolić

Truss

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Outdoor weathering field trials performed with oxo-degradable polyethylene (PE) thin films were conducted across temperate, grassland, and subtropical sites around Australia. It was found that a site factor, that was apparently independent of total solar dose and temperature, significantly impacted the rate and extent of photo-oxidation. Controlled laboratory-based accelerated aging trials of both PE film with no prodegradant and oxo-degradable PE films (containing iron stearate) revealed that the rate and extent of PE photo-oxidation did not correlate with temperature under the film or UV exposure, but was soil dependent. Under accelerated photo-oxidative conditions, the time to reach embrittlement for a PE film aged over the soil from the temperate site (OM 8.4) was half (24.5 days) the time taken when aged over air (48 days). Further investigation revealed that humic acids and fulvic acids within soil organic matter may contribute to an increased rate of PE photo-oxidation, possibly through the formation of volatile reactive oxygen species that may form under photo-oxidative conditions. The presence of water also had a significant impact on the rate of photo-oxidation. Overall, the impact of soil on PE photo-oxidation was found to be complex and likely dependent at least in part on soil components that varied between different soil types, consequently influencing their photo-chemistry. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J.Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42558.

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“…Identifying environmental factors responsible for polymer degradation is important to account for physical effects such as ESC which could otherwise mask the underlying oxidative processes [Pethrick, 2000]. [Kockott, 1989, Gijsman and Sampers, 1998, Sampers, 2002, Jin et al, 2006, James et al, 2013. Some assumptions and extrapolations need to be made in order to translate from accelerated ageing results back to in-use applications.…”

Section: Environment Stress Crackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The service lifetime of polymer films is controlled by the chemical reactions leading to chain scission and mediating environmental factors. The rate of PE film degradation depends on several factors such as, but not limited to, the type and concentration of pro-degradant, UV exposure, temperature, rain, humidity conditions, geographical location [Kockott, 1989, Sampers, 2002, Kaczmarek et al, 2005, Basfar and Ali, 2006, Briassoulis, 2007, season [Gijsman and Sampers, 1998, Sampers, 2002, Briassoulis, 2007, pesticides and herbicides [Espi et al, 2007, Yeh et al, 2015, and other external environmental factors [Kockott, 1989, Sampers, 2002. All these factors may interact in synergy or antagonistically [Corti et al, 2010], which increases the difficulty in predicting polymer lifetime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solar radiation dose, air temperature and relative humidity are the fundamental parameters typically considered during accelerated laboratory ageing of PE in order to predict its environmental degradation. Several studies using different types of polyolefin have shown that the oxidation rate increased with increasing relative humidity or air temperature [Kockott, 1989, Gijsman and Sampers, 1998, Sampers, 2002. It has been proposed that higher relative humidity enhances the formation of hydroxyl radicals [Jin et al, 2006, Fernando et al, 2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding and predicting environmental effects on degradation of oxo-degradable polyethylene blown films

Gauthier¹

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Polyethylene (PE) based films are commonly used in agriculture for different applications such as mulching, walk-in tunnel and mini greenhouse. In the case of mini greenhouse, the thin film creates a confined environment providing favourable conditions for crop growth, such as increased temperature and moisture retention, hence reducing the need for irrigation and agrochemical treatments. However, in this specific application, it is necessary to control the rate of degradation of the film above ground to enable healthy crop growth. Several studies have investigated the photo-and/or thermo-oxidation of PE in sunlight and when buried in soil or compost. However the degradation rate is not well controlled and the degradation mechanisms are not fully understood. The service lifetime of polymer films is controlled by the chemical reactions leading to chain scission and mediating environmental factors. For application in agricultural cropping films, a controlled accelerated degradation is required. The rate of PE film degradation can be influenced by its intrinsic properties (such as polymer grade, concentration and/or type of pro-degradants) but also by environmental factors, such as UV dose, temperature and humidity. However, in practice, these are not the only factors controlling the polymer lifetime, with poor translation from model (laboratory based) accelerated ageing studies to in-field application. This creates a challenge in accurately predicting the useful iii rate of photo-oxidation. Overall, additional environmental factors to solar dose and temperature were influencing the rate of PE photo-degradation. The key factors were found to be the presence of condensed water and soil type. For the latter factor, the specific soil properties of importance with respect to film degradation appeared to be associated with organic matter, although the impact of soil on PE photo-oxidation was found to be complex and likely dependent at least in part v on soil components that varied between different soil types, consequently influencing their photo-chemistry. This knowledge could assist in designing a modelling tool to recommend the appropriated time-controlled PE film suitable for a specific crop cycles at specific sites across Australia. These findings could also be transferred to other degradable PE film applications, such as mulch films, plastic bags and other packaging products. vi Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, financial support and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have...

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Oxygen uptake measurements to identify the cause of unexpected differences between accelerated and outdoor weathering

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Impact of the Atmosphere on the Reactivity of Peroxidic Species upon Photooxidation of Polymers

Impact of the Atmosphere on the Reactivity of Peroxidic Species upon Photooxidation of Polymers

Effect of soil environment on the photo‐degradation of polyethylene films

Understanding and predicting environmental effects on degradation of oxo-degradable polyethylene blown films

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