Oxygen transport during progressive hypoxia in high-altitude and sea-level waterfowl

Black, Craig Patrick; Tenney, S.M.

doi:10.1016/0034-5687(80)90046-8

Cited by 199 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…The present study indicate that the extraction of oxygen by the tissue appears to be rem arkably ef® cient in broiler chickens, even under the circum stances of considerably impaired oxygen delivery (as seen in ascitic birds). Mixed venous blood O2 saturation m ay drop to levels below 1% in a state of severe hypoxi a (Black & Tenney, 1980). Such a low level of venous blood saturation was never seen in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…Venous blood closely approx imates m ean tissue O2 and CO 2 tension, and re¯ects changes of tissue aerobic m etabolism . The mean partial pressure of oxygen in tissue is useful because it is indicative of oxygen availability, but the effectiveness of physiological responses to hypoxi a depends mainly on arterial blood oxygen content and not on pO2 (Black & Tenney, 1980) . Notably, oxygen content in arterial blood did not differ signi® cantly between slow growing and fast growing chickens, or ascitic chickens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and tissue oxygen extraction in slow and fast growing chickens, and in chickens with heart failure and ascites: A comparative study

et al. 1999

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The present study exam ines the differences in blood gas param eters, cardiac output, cardiac index, oxygen delivery and tissue oxygen extraction in slow growing chickens (leghorn and feed restricted broilers), fast growing chickens (broilers fed ad libitu m) and chickens with fulm inant heart failure and ascites. In com parison to leghorns, broiler chickens had lower pO2 and O2 saturation levels in venous blood (P , 0.001) . At the age of 35 days, broilers had arterial and venous pO2 signi® cantly lower than 7-day-old broilers (P , 0.05). Overall, blood pO 2 and O2 saturation tended to decline, and CO 2 content tended to increase with age. Chickens developing ascites had lower blood pO2 and O2 saturation levels, and higher blood CO 2 content in com parison to normal chickens (P , 0.05). In com parison to other chickens, ascitic chickens had the lowest pO2 and O2 saturation, and highest CO 2 content in both venous and arterial blood (all P , 0.001) . Broilers at 35 days of age had higher arterial O2 content than leghorn chicks, and there were only m inor differences between norm al and ascitic chickens. However, ascitic chickens had the lowest venous O2 content (P , 0.001) , but the highest tissue O2 extraction index (P , 0.001) . Cardiac index was higher in leghorn chicks than in broilers (P , 0.001) . Ascitic birds had the lowest cardiac index (P , 0.001). Oxygen delivery was higher in leghorns than in broilers (P , 0.001) . Ascitic birds had the lowest oxygen delivery index. The present study has identi® ed signi® cant differences in previously unexamined performance indicators of the cardiovascular system between slow growing chickens, fast growing chickens and chickens with heart failure. Low cardiac index in broiler chickens appears to be the key haem odynam ic problem leading to hypoxaem ia and ultim ately cardiovascular failure in fast growing broilers. IntroductionAscites is the excessive accumulation of¯uid in body coelomic cavities. This condition is the cause of signi® cant econom ic losses in the comm ercial broiler industry throug hout the world. In clinical terms, ascites is a non-spe ci® c sign and m ay have several causes. In broiler chickens, ascites is most often associated with heart failure, but the aetiology of ascites is poorly understood. A m arked decline in heart rate (HR) is a consistent pathophysiological feature in fast growing broiler chickens prone to ascites (Olkowski & Classen, 1998). In normal chickens, an increase in HR begins shortly after hatching, but HR plateaus around 4 weeks of age, and then slowly declines until m aturity (Ringer et al., 1957;Flick, 1967; Tazawa et al., 1992) . Since the increase in HR is an important component of physiological adjustm ent of cardiac output (CO) during the intensive growth phase in normal young chickens, adequacy of systemic oxygen ation becom es an important issue in individuals unable to adjust HR during growth. The adequacy of systemic oxygen ation ultim ately depends on the relationship between oxygen demand and oxygen supply. In t...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and tissue oxygen extraction in slow and fast growing chickens, and in chickens with heart failure and ascites: A comparative study

et al. 1999

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“…High altitude ostriches and huallata have higher O 2 affinities than bird species that are not native to high altitude. Similarly, the P 50 of bar-headed geese, which fly over the Himalayas during migration, is more than 10 mmHg lower than that of closely-related birds from moderate altitudes (Black & Tenney, 1980). The degree of the change in affinity seems to be related to the degree of hypoxia, as determined from the case of deer mice (Snyder et al, 1982;Snyder, 1985).…”

Section: What Type Of Shift Is Beneficial At Altitude?mentioning

confidence: 88%

The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude

Balaban

Duffin

Preiss

et al. 2013

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Some animals have adapted to hypoxia by increasing their haemoglobin affinity for oxygen, but in vitro studies have not shown any change of haemoglobin affinity for oxygen in human high altitude natives or lowlanders acutely acclimatized to high altitude. We conducted the first in vivo study of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve by progressively reducing arterial PO 2 while maintaining normocapnia in lowlanders at sea level, lowlanders sojourning at 3600m for two weeks and native Andeans at the same altitude. We found that the in vivo PO 2 at which haemoglobin is half-saturated (P 50 ) is higher in lowlanders at sea level (32 mmHg) than that measured in vitro (27 mmHg) and that lowlanders and highlanders do significantly increase the in vivo affinity of their haemoglobin for oxygen with exposure to high altitude. These results indicate the value of an in vivo approach for studying the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve.iii

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“…Their skeletal and cardiac muscles are better supplied with oxygen, having greater capillary density, more homogenous capillary spacing, a higher proportion of mitochondria in a subsarcolemmal location, and a greater proportion of oxidative fibers than other waterfowl (9, 10). Bar-headed goose hemoglobin is also highly effective at oxygen loading (11), compared with many other bird species, largely as a result of a single amino acid point mutation (12-14).Bar-headed geese also have proportionally larger lungs than those of other species of waterfowl (15) and can hyperventilate at up to seven times the normoxic resting rate when exposed to severe hypoxia (11,16). These adaptations should significantly improve O 2 uptake and transport at high altitudes, and may contribute to this species' ability to climb thousands of meters of elevation without acclimatization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bar-headed geese also have proportionally larger lungs than those of other species of waterfowl (15) and can hyperventilate at up to seven times the normoxic resting rate when exposed to severe hypoxia (11,16). These adaptations should significantly improve O 2 uptake and transport at high altitudes, and may contribute to this species' ability to climb thousands of meters of elevation without acclimatization.…”

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confidence: 99%

The trans-Himalayan flights of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus )

Hawkes

Balachandran

Batbayar

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

144

125

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Birds that fly over mountain barriers must be capable of meeting the increased energetic cost of climbing in low-density air, even though less oxygen may be available to support their metabolism. This challenge is magnified by the reduction in maximum sustained climbing rates in large birds. Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) make one of the highest and most iconic transmountain migrations in the world. We show that those populations of geese that winter at sea level in India are capable of passing over the Himalayas in 1 d, typically climbing between 4,000 and 6,000 m in 7-8 h. Surprisingly, these birds do not rely on the assistance of upslope tailwinds that usually occur during the day and can support minimum climb rates of 0.8-2.2 km·h −1 , even in the relative stillness of the night. They appear to strategically avoid higher speed winds during the afternoon, thus maximizing safety and control during flight. It would seem, therefore, that bar-headed geese are capable of sustained climbing flight over the passes of the Himalaya under their own aerobic power.exercise physiology | high altitude | satellite tracking | vertebrate migration | climbing flight M ountains and high plateaus present formidable obstacles to the migratory flights of a number of bird species. Large birds, such as cranes and geese, may find such barriers particularly challenging as the sustained climbing rates of birds scale negatively with increasing body mass (1). For example, brent geese (Branta bernicla) are unable to sustain climbing flights over the Greenland icecap (summit elevation 3,207 m, mean elevation >2,000 m) and make regular stops to recover, possibly from partly anaerobic flights (2). Nevertheless, populations of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) that spend the winter at sea level in India and the summer in central Asia must perform the world's steepest migratory flight north over the highest mountain range on earth, the Himalaya (3). There, most passes are at altitudes greater than 5,000 m, where the air density and partial pressure of oxygen are only about half of those at sea level. As a consequence, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ) in the arterial blood may begin to limit maximum performance (4, 5), although negative effects on the rate of oxygen diffusion may be partially ameliorated by an increase in the gas diffusion coefficient (6). The thinner air at these higher altitudes will also reduce lift generation during flapping flight for any given air speed, thus increasing the energy costs of flying by around 30% (7,8).However, bar-headed geese have adapted in a variety of ways for living and flying at high altitudes (4, 5). Their skeletal and cardiac muscles are better supplied with oxygen, having greater capillary density, more homogenous capillary spacing, a higher proportion of mitochondria in a subsarcolemmal location, and a greater proportion of oxidative fibers than other waterfowl (9, 10). Bar-headed goose hemoglobin is also highly effective at oxygen loading (11), compared with many other bird species, largel...

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Oxygen transport during progressive hypoxia in high-altitude and sea-level waterfowl

Cited by 199 publications

References 46 publications

Cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and tissue oxygen extraction in slow and fast growing chickens, and in chickens with heart failure and ascites: A comparative study

Cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and tissue oxygen extraction in slow and fast growing chickens, and in chickens with heart failure and ascites: A comparative study

The in-vivo oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at sea level and high altitude

The trans-Himalayan flights of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus )

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