Oxygen reduction electrodes for electrolysis in chlor-alkali cells

Kiros, Yohannes; Pirjamali, M.; Bursell, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2005.10.024

Cited by 59 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The US Department of Energy funded a research project at Los Alamos National Laboratory where carbon-based electrodes were developed and tested in a fuel cell type zero-gap cell for chlor-alkali electrolysis [95]. Recently, SINTEF in Norway [96] and the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden [97] started research targeted at the development and investigation of carbon-based electrodes.…”

Section: Principle Of Chlor-alkali Electrolysis With Oxygen Depolarizmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many different materials such as palladium [102][103][104], ruthenium [105], gold [106][107][108], nickel [72], transition metal oxides [109] and sulfides [110], metal porphyrins and phthalocyanins [60,97,99,111,112], and perovskites [97] were studied as catalysts for the oxygen reduction in alkaline solutions. Although interesting results were obtained, the activity and/or stability of these materials can be regarded as insufficient for long-term operation under the severe conditions in hot concentrated alkaline solution.…”

Section: Activity and Durability Of Catalysts And Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

et al. 2008

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The historical development, current status and future prospects of chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes (ODCs) are summarized. Over the last decades, membrane chlor-alkali technology has been optimized to such an extent that no substantial reduction of the energy demand can be expected from further process modifications. However, replacement of the hydrogen evolving cathodes in the classical membrane cells by ODCs allows for reduction of the cell voltage and correspondingly the energy consumption of up to 30%. This replacement requires the development of appropriate cathode materials and novel electrolysis cell designs. Due to their superior long-term stability, ODCs based on silver catalysts are very promising for oxygen reduction in concentrated NaOH solutions. Finite-gap falling film cells appear to be the technically most mature design among the several ODC electrolysis cells that have been investigated.

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Section: Principle Of Chlor-alkali Electrolysis With Oxygen Depolarizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activity and Durability Of Catalysts And Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

et al. 2008

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“…32,33 The final electrode thickness and active material loading were 0.35 mm and 32 mg cm −2 , respectively. Electrochemical measurements were conducted in 6 M KOH electrolyte in a three-electrode set-up having the NanoFe-Fe 3 C-Cu as the working electrode, Ni wire mesh as the counter electrode and Hg/HgO as the reference electrode.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Core/Shell Structure Nano-Iron/Iron Carbide Electrodes for Rechargeable Alkaline Iron Batteries

Paulraj

Kiros

Skårman

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this work, we have studied a 2% copper substituted core shell type iron/iron carbide as a negative electrode for application in energy storage. The NanoFe-Fe 3 C-Cu delivered 367 mAh g −1 at ≈80% current efficiency, successfully running for over 300 cycles. The superior electrode kinetics and performance were assessed by rate capability, galvanostatic, potentiodynamic polarization measurements in 6 M KOH electrolyte and at ambient temperature. Ex-situ XRD characterizations and SEM images of both the fresh and used electrode surfaces show that nanoparticles were found to be still intact with negligible particle agglomeration. The electrodes have shown stable performances with low capacity decay, whereas sulfur dissolution from the additive Bi 2 S 3 was found to decrease the charging efficiency with time. This core-shell type structured nano material is, consequently, an auspicious anode candidate in alkaline-metal/air and Ni-Fe battery systems. Electricity generation away from fossil fuels by renewable energy resources (RER) is increasing at a remarkable pace both as a means of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions as well as offsetting the global energy demand for sustainable development. Since the end of the 1990s, the world cumulative energy generation by both wind and solar has shown an exponential growth rate. In 2015, the global installed capacity of photovoltaics was 227.1 GW an increase by 25% and the total installed wind power was 432.9 GW, a rise by 17% compared to 2014 for both energy systems.1,2 However, both wind and solar are very dependent on weather conditions and there is a high quest for electrical energy storage (EES) for integration with these renewables. The variability in energy output is due to the stochastic nature and availability of the renewable sources, unreliable demand and supply of electricity, distributed energy generation, maintenance and utilization of load balance in peak shaving and leveling, stabilization of transmission and distribution to the grid, uninterruptable power supply with frequency control, voltage fluctuations and energy arbitrage. EES is considered to be vital and indispensable technology for both utility and transport applications.1,3-7 Among EES technologies, electrochemical energy storage systems in the form of batteries have characteristic features in the form of modularity and scalability, fast response time and high energy efficiency, although they do significantly differ in energy and power densities, charge and discharge duration, cycling behavior and capital cost.There are several rechargeable (secondary) battery energy storage systems (BESS) that are widely used or are under demonstrations/development phases and these among others include; lead-acid, Li-ion, the nickel-based batteries (Ni-MH, Ni-Cd, Ni-Fe, Ni-Zn, NaNiCl 2 ), redox flow batteries (Vanadium, Zn-Br, Zn-Cl, Zn-Ce, FeCr, V-Br), NaS and Air-metal batteries (Fe-air, Zn-air, Li-air, Mgair).6-10 The last type of "batteries" are essentially a hybridization of anodes in the form of metals and a f...

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“…The development of CA membrane technology had a significant effect on the cut-off for energy consumption. The oxygen-depolarized cathode application using a gas diffusion electrode in a CA membrane cell promised further optimization of the energy savings [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Replacing the conventional hydrogen-evolving cathode by an oxygen-depolarized cathode in a CA membrane cell reduced the cell voltage and, consequently, lead to a 30 % energy consumption reduction at 4 kA m -2 [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathode with PtPd/C Electrocatalyst Layer in Advanced Chlor‐Alkali Cell

et al. 2010

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The impact of process parameters on caustic current efficiency and peroxide-tohydroxide molar ratio are studied in the advanced chlor-alkali membrane cell, using an oxygen-depolarized carbon-supported PtPd electrocatalyst cathode. The experimental results indicate the caustic current efficiency (CCE) improvement by decreasing peroxide generation rate as the temperature and oxygen flow rate increase. The performances of the carbon-supported PtPd and the ESNS carbonsupported Pt electrocatalyst layer cathodes are compared. The results show a new oxygen-depolarized cathode with PtPd/C electrocatalyst layer in an advanced chlor-alkali cell which is more economical, as well as a comparison of its performance against a commercial ESNS® cathode.

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Oxygen reduction electrodes for electrolysis in chlor-alkali cells

Cited by 59 publications

References 12 publications

Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

Core/Shell Structure Nano-Iron/Iron Carbide Electrodes for Rechargeable Alkaline Iron Batteries

Performance Evaluation of Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathode with PtPd/C Electrocatalyst Layer in Advanced Chlor‐Alkali Cell

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