Oxygen defect assisted paramagnetic to ferromagnetic conversion in Fe doped TiO₂nanoparticles

A study on the origin of room temperature ferromagnetism in Ni1−Gd O nanoparticles

“…Similar results were reported for Mn 3 þ doped NiO thin films [3], Gd-doped ZnO [14], Co-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles [27]. Further, it should be noted that the high magnetization induced in the Ni 1 À x Gd x O nanoparticles is not only due to the BMP interactions; but also the probably due to the magnetization originating from the surface and interface spins [26].…”

“…These interactions are responsible for the creation of long range overlapping polarons and these polarons are responsible for RT-FM in Ni 1 À x Gd x O nanoparticles. At lower concentration of Gd (0 to 5%), Ni 1 À x Gd x O nanoparticles demonstrated a paramagnetic behavior-which is attributed to the existence of large number of AFM pair and isolated Gd 3 þ ions or may be due to small size BMP that do not have enough percolation radius to induce stable ferromagnetic interaction [26]. Similar results were reported for Mn 3 þ doped NiO thin films [3], Gd-doped ZnO [14], Co-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles [27].…”

Synthesis of iron doped titanium dioxide by sol-gel method for magnetic applications

“…They are likely to undergo very week ferromagnetic exchange interaction (with paramagnetism or antiferromagnetism having dominance over ferromagnetism) and, thus, instead of ferromagnetic signal we have observed only paramagnetism in the samples [24]. Interpretation of this effect required the additional investigations of AC magnetization of these compounds.…”

Selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by H2O/H2 to CH4 and CH3OH over Cu-promoted In2O3/TiO2 nanocatalyst

“…However, the changes are obvious in the position and width of the modified TiO 2 sample peaks. With the Cu and In 2 O 3 loading, the width of the Raman bands, in particular the E g (1) and (A 1g + B 1g ) peaks increases and the position is slightly shifted toward higher wavenumber, attributed to the reduction of particle size of the loaded TiO 2 samples with higher mobility of charges [41]. …”