Oxygen bleaching systems in domestic laundry

Milne, Neal J.

doi:10.1007/s11743-998-0029-z

Cited by 51 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…SPB degrades in aqueous solution and produces hydrogen peroxide which is the oxidant agent. At present the perhydroxyl anion in 4a) is the accepted reactive specie responsible for the bleaching process via the ionic mechanism by nucleophilic attack on electrophilic centers [21].…”

Section: Page28mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Behavior of Silver Nanotextiles during Washing

Geranio

Heuberger

Nowack

2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

572

403

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The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in commercial products, especially textiles, will likely result in an unknown spread of Ag into the environment. The quantification and characterization of the Ag released from nano-Ag-products is an important parameter needed to predict the effect of Ag-NPs on the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the amount and the form of Ag released during washing from nine fabrics with different ways of silver incorporation into or onto the fibers. The effect of pH, surfactants, and oxidizing agents was evaluated. The results show that little dissolution of Ag-NPs occurs under conditions relevant to washing (pH 10) with dissolved concentrations 10 times lower than at pH 7. However, bleaching agents such as hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid (formed by the perborate/TAED system) can greatly accelerate the dissolution of Ag. The amount and form of Ag released from the fabrics as ionic and particulate Ag depended on the type of Ag-incorporation into the textile. The percentage of the total silver emitted during one washing of the textiles varied considerably among products (from less than 1 to 45%). In the washing machine the majority of the Ag (at least 50% but mostly >75%) was released in the size fraction >450 nm, indicating the dominant role of mechanical stress. A conventional silver textile did not show any significant difference in the size distribution of the released silver compared to many of the textiles containing nano-Ag. These results have important implications for the risk assessment of Ag-textiles and also for environmental fate studies of nano-Ag, because they show that under conditions relevant to washing, primarily coarse Ag-containing particles are released.

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Section: Page28mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far it is not known whether peracetic acid , peracetate anion, or both acid and anion together are the active bleaching species [21]. Hofmann claims that the real bleaching agent would be the singlet oxygen formed from the peroxy acid decomposition (reaction 10).…”

Section: Page28mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Behavior of Silver Nanotextiles during Washing

Geranio

Heuberger

Nowack

2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

572

403

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“…Peroxide-bleaching systems are important components of modern laundry detergents (1). These systems are added for bleaching persistent stains and killing microbes and germs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Kinetic aspects of dye‐transfer inhibition by catalytic oxidation

Hazenkamp¹,

Bachmann²,

Dannacher³

et al. 2001

J Surfact & Detergents

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Dye-transfer inhibition (DTI) during laundering can be achieved by catalytic bleaching of the migrating dyes in the wash-liquor. The rate of the bleaching reaction should be significantly higher than the rate of dye adsorption onto the acceptor fabric. Further, the stability of the catalyst should be high enough in order to bleach dye which is slowly released from colored fabrics during the entire wash-cycle. The performance of three manganese-salen (Mn-salen) complexes as DTI catalysts is discussed in terms of their activity and their stability. It is shown that a very high activity is compatible with a high stability, leading to excellent DTI effects. For less stable catalysts, the performance can be markedly improved by optimizing the catalyst and peroxide concentrations or by formulation in a polymer matrix.Paper no. S1206 in JSD 4, 65-72 (January 2001).

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“…Using a metal catalyst in addition to H 2 O 2 can lead to even better bleaching efficiency at lower temperatures. Although the mechanism of the catalyzed bleaching reaction is not fully understood, the most common opinion in the literature is that the transition metal complex forms a metal oxo intermediate with the active oxygen species (H 2 O 2 ) [61]. The metal is hereby oxidized to a higher state.…”

Section: Bleachable Stainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laundry Detergents, 1. Introduction

Smulders

Rybinski

Nordskog

2011

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Historical Review 2. Physical Chemistry of the Washing Process 2.1. Introduction to the Washing Process 2.2. Components 2.2.1. Substrates 2.2.2. Washing Liquid/Water 2.2.3. Soils 2.3. Wetting/Adsorption on Surfaces 2.3.1. Wetting 2.3.2. Drainage 2.3.3. Adsorption Layer 2.4. Soil Removal and Stabilization 2.4.1. Builders 2.4.1.1. Overview on Builder Systems 2.4.1.2. Precipitation Builders 2.4.1.3. Complexing Agents 2.4.1.4. Ion Exchangers 2.4.1.5. Cobuilders 2.4.1.6. Soluble Builders 2.4.2. Oily Soil 2.4.3. Particulate Soil 2.4.4. Chemical Reactions 2.4.4.1. Bleachable Stains 2.4.4.2. Enzymatic Soil Removal 2.4.5. Soil‐Repelling Effects 2.5. Formulation 2.5.1. Foam 2.5.2. Microemulsion 2.5.3. Phase Stability 2.5.4. Softeners 2.6. Concluding Remarks

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Oxygen bleaching systems in domestic laundry

Cited by 51 publications

References 7 publications

The Behavior of Silver Nanotextiles during Washing

The Behavior of Silver Nanotextiles during Washing

Kinetic aspects of dye‐transfer inhibition by catalytic oxidation

Laundry Detergents, 1. Introduction

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