Oxyfunctionalized turpentine: Evaluation of properties as automotive fuel

Hydrogenated or oxyfunctionalized turpentine: options for automotive fuel components

“…In a previous work, 14 turpentine and oxyturpentine were blended separately with diesel and biodiesel fuels in contents 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% v/v. Fuel characterisation (density, kinematic viscosity, lubricity, heating values, derived cetane number, flash point, smoke point, sooting tendency, cloud point, pour point, and crystallization temperature) was performed for these blends.…”

“…Both sets of blends were subjected to measurements of the main fuel properties. The results were compared with those obtained in a previous work 14 for the same blends with oxyturpentine and raw turpentine. All results were evaluated using the European standard for diesel fuels as a reference, to investigate the influence of the hydrogenation reaction in the fuel properties and assessing the potential of hydroturpentine as a diesel fuel component.…”

“…To compare the sooting tendency between fuels, Oxygen Extended Sooting Index (OESI) was calculated as proposed by Barrientos et al 16 for diffusion ames (aer estimating the molecular weights of the blends as shown in the ESI †), under a 0-100 scale with 0 corresponding to isooctane and 100 to toluene. In previous works, 14,17 constants a 0 (43.588 mm À1 ) and b 0 (À5.7177) were obtained from calibration with isooctane and toluene under the same experimental conditions (burner and laboratory).…”

“…12 These transformations have shown convincing effects on the properties of the fuels obtained. For instance, the oxyfunctionalized turpentine showed noticeable decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, 13 in addition to its high suitability for diesel fuel applications due to its fuel properties, 14 whereas hydrogenated turpentine possesses high fuel benefits such as high energy density, excellent cold flow properties and lower propensity to produce soot. 9 However, a comparison of the fuels obtained from oxyfunctionalization and hydrogenation can help determine their suitability as automotive fuel components.…”

Refining of crude sulfate turpentine obtained from a kraft pulp mill: A pilot scale treatment

“…Moreover, they can poison catalysts and affect yields of resultant products as chemical raw material (Hamby et al 1972;Izmest'ev et al 2019). For turpentine to have commercial value, these sulfurous compounds, typically known as organic sulfides and mercaptans, should be reduced or removed from CST before they enter the contents of the ingredients such as perfume, fragrance formulations (Koppenhoefer et al 1994), cleaning products, chemical raw material, polymer production, cosmetic products (Buisman and Lange 2016;Izmest'ev et al 2019;Sinhmar and Gogate 2020), or blends with biodiesel production (Dubey and Gupta 2018;Aguas et al 2020;Ballesteros et al 2020). Among the advantages of the processes to be developed in this study, it is aimed to desulfurize CST and distillate fractions in practical, economical, and environmentally friendly ways by chlorinating organic components in tolerable ratios.…”