OxyChip embedded with radio‐opaque gold nanoparticles for anatomic registration and oximetry in tissues

Abstract

Purpose: Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry using the OxyChip as an implantable oxygen sensor can directly and repeatedly measure tissue oxygen levels. A phase I, first-in-human clinical study has established the safety and feasibility of using OxyChip for reliable and repeated measurements of oxygen levels in a variety of tumors and treatment regimens. A limitation in these studies is the inability to easily locate and identify the implanted probes in the tissue, particularly in the long term, thus limiting spatial/anatomical registration of the implant for proper interpretation of the oxygen data. In this study, we have developed and evaluated an enhanced oxygen-sensing probe embedded with gold nanoparticles (GNP), called the OxyChip-GNP, to enable visualization of the sensor using routine clinical imaging modalities. Methods:In vitro characterization, imaging, and histopathology studies were carried out using tissue phantoms, excised tissues, and in vivo animal models (mice and rats). Results:The results demonstrated a substantial enhancement of ultrasound and CT contrast using the OxyChip-GNP without compromising its electron paramagnetic resonance and oxygen-sensing properties or biocompatibility. Conclusions:The OxyChips embedded with gold nanoparticles (OxyChip-GNP) can be readily identified in soft tissues using standard clinical imaging modalities such as CT, cone beam-CT, or ultrasound imaging while maintaining its capability to make repeated in vivo measurements of tissue oxygen levels over the long term. This unique capability of the OxyChip-GNP facilitates precisely localized in vivo oxygen measurements in the clinical setting.