Oxycarotenoids in Poultry Pigmentation

Oxycarotenoids in Poultry Feeds

“…In a series of papers, Terpstra (788)(789)(790) treated the problem of yolk pigmentation and some possible approaches to its solution. These include alga meals (588,630), marigold meal (115,529) and concentrates made from marigold meal, higher protein-lower fiber dehydrated alfalfa meals, a 45% protein alfalfa concentrate (347,735,890), and pure oxycarotenoids in dry stabilized form including /3-apo-8'-carotenal, ßapo-8'-carotenoic acid ethyl ester, canthaxanthin (546,547), and citranaxanthin. These include alga meals (588,630), marigold meal (115,529) and concentrates made from marigold meal, higher protein-lower fiber dehydrated alfalfa meals, a 45% protein alfalfa concentrate (347,735,890), and pure oxycarotenoids in dry stabilized form including /3-apo-8'-carotenal, ßapo-8'-carotenoic acid ethyl ester, canthaxanthin (546,547), and citranaxanthin.…”

“…In order to define a color objectively, reflected light is measured at several wavelengths; the corresponding tristimulus values (Χ, Υ, Z) of the CIE (Commis-a Data in columns a from Marusich and Bauernfeind (546); data in columns b from Vuilleumier (836). Judged subjectively, every color is distinguished by three characteristics: (a) hue (e.g., yellow or red); (b) saturation (the proportion of spectral colors in a mixture of spectral light and white, such as pale yellow or saturated yellow); and (c) brightness (the intensity of light reflection-hence, dull brownish-yellow or luminescent yel low).…”

“…(729) (527), and Marusich and Bauernfeind (546,547) all reported that alga meals are effective and about equivalent biologically to the oxycarotenoids in dehydrated alfalfa meals. (729) (527), and Marusich and Bauernfeind (546,547) all reported that alga meals are effective and about equivalent biologically to the oxycarotenoids in dehydrated alfalfa meals.…”

“…Extensive comparative data on APO-EE, marigold meal (Tagetes erecta), alga meals (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Spongiococcum excentricum), dehydrated alfalfa meals (20,22, 25% protein), corn gluten meals, and combinations of APO-EE with canthaxanthin and canthaxanthin with feed ingredients were presented by Marusich and Bauernfeind (547). These trials included adding the above supplements to both low-pigment (milo) rations and rations containing low to moderate levels of oxycarotenoids (25-60% yellow corn base).…”

Zeaxanthin as a Broiler Pigmenter

“…Standard (Harms et al, 1971;Herrick et al, 1972;Hinton et al, 1973;Garlich et al, 1974;and Halloran, 1974). The data from Table 3 show zeaxanthin to have almost twice the pigmenting potency of APO-EE, which had been shown to be an effective pigmenter (Rauch, 1965;Marusich, 1969Marusich, , 1970Marusich and Bauernfeind, 1970). The superior performance of zeaxanthin as a poultry pigmenter has been attributed to the deep color it produces in the respective tissues (Scott et al, 1968;Livingston et al, 1971;and Halloran, 1974).…”