Oxides<i>of</i>Nitrogen<i>in</i>Diesel Exhaust

Harkins, J; Jk, Goodwine

doi:10.1080/00022470.1964.10468238

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…In addition, PhOH and NO 2 both are co-emitted from vehicular exhausts and industrial emissions. NO 2 abundance in vehicular exhausts could be as high as few tens of ppm, 69 and the corresponding N 2 O 4 concentration would be a few ppb, and under these conditions, the reaction between the two could be compared with the reaction with OH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO₂ to HNO₃ by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications

Mondal

Biswas

Chattopadhyay

et al. 2021

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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The thermal reaction between nitrogen dioxide and phenol in the gas phase under anaerobic conditions has been investigated by diluting the reactants in dry nitrogen in a glass reaction vessel. Infrared spectroscopic analysis reveals that nitric acid, nitric oxide, and o-nitrophenol are the major products of the reaction. The kinetic analysis reveals the reaction stoichiometry as 3NO2 + PhOH → HNO3 + NO + o-nitrophenol, and the corresponding reaction enthalpy is Δr H 0 = −44.82 kcal/mol. Reaction monitoring by NO2 concentration variation shows that HNO3 formation is linearly correlated with the effective concentration of the nitrogen dioxide dimer (N2O4) formed, and the overall reaction follows a second-order kinetic behavior with respect to N2O4 and phenol, and the estimated rate constant value is (3.53 ± 0.56) × 10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K. In the presence of excess NO2, the reaction shows a pseudo-first-order kinetic behavior with a rate constant of (6.67 ± 0.12) × 10–3 s–1. The electronic structure calculation predicts that the N2O4–phenol complex can have multiple conformational minima, and in the lowest-energy conformer, the orientation of the two NO2 molecules about the phenolic −OH group is similar to that of the charge-separated asymmetric ONONO2 dimer of NO2. A radical mechanism has been ruled out, as HONO has not been identified as a product. To the best of our knowledge, the formation of o-nitrophenol in the gas-phase reaction between phenol and NO2 is reported here for the first time. The atmospheric implication of the reaction has been discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO₂ to HNO₃ by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications

Mondal

Biswas

Chattopadhyay

et al. 2021

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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“…[ 199 ] When driving behind a truck, e.g., diesel exhaust gases may reach detectable concentrations. [ 200 ] In addition, when integrated into the passenger compartment, human odor composed of different organic compounds such as aldehydes, acids, amines, alcohols, hydrocarbons, ketones, sterols, sulfur compounds, and terpenoids [ 201 ] can lead to false‐positive detection. This issue can be overcome by integrating the sensor in the sealed battery pack.…”

Section: Identification Of Vapor Release Scenarios and Overlaps With ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MOS sensors are cross‐sensitive to exhaust gases from ICEVs and due to the long desorption time the issue of contamination by those gases and a subsequent false alarm has to be considered. Especially when the vehicle is driven in busy road traffic consisting of a mixed fleet, the NO x and CO concentrations can rise and reach the saturation point of the sensor, [ 200 ] which impedes the sensor from properly detecting evaporated electrolyte components. Despite the cross‐sensitivity issues, Essl et al reported the MOS as the most promising among their tested sensor types (MOS, electrochemical, NDIR, and hygrometer) due to low cost and good sensitivity toward organic carbonates.…”

Section: Identification Of Vapor Release Scenarios and Overlaps With ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Overview of Methods for the Detection of Airborne Electrolyte Components Released from Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Hildebrand,

Ferrario,

Lebedeva

2023

Energy Tech

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Lithium‐ion battery leakage indicates battery malfunction. In an electric vehicle, the evolving vapors can pose a risk to the health of the passengers. Early detection of a leakage reduces this risk and can prevent further damage. In this review, gas detection techniques such as detector tubes, portable gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, gas sensors, and laser spectroscopy are discussed in relation to their capacity of detecting airborne compounds coming from the evaporation of a leaked battery electrolyte. Possible scenarios in which battery leakage can occur are introduced that are partially based on the Global Technical Regulation on Electric Vehicle Safety: parked, driving, charging, postcrash (accident), rescue, and stationary application. The applicability for a potential early warning system using the discussed gas detection techniques is assessed and because no off‐the‐shelf solution could be found overlaps of the capabilities of the techniques with the needs of each scenario are identified and opportunities for further development are pointed out.

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“…The most common sources of oxides of nitrogen are high temperature combustion of coal, oil, gas and gasoline in power plants and internal combustion engines (Harkins and Goodwine, 1964). The heat of combustion during these processes fixes the atmospheric N 2 to NO which is then oxidized to NO2 (Ripley et al, 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on selected soil processes

Smith

Mayfield

1978

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Nitrogen dioxide gas was rapidly absorbed by soil. After a 15 min incubation at 25°C, soil at a moisture content of 16% absorbed 99% of the NO2 introduced into the gas-phase volume of a closed system. The presence of microorganisms hatl no influence on the rate of absorption of the gas by soil. The absorption of NO 2 by sandy clay loam soil was not an oxygen-or temperature-dependent process nor did it depend upon the moisture content of the soil. These physical factors acquired significance only in determining the initial rate of absorption of the gas and the rate at which NO2 diffused through the soil. Exposure of soil to NO2 resulted in substantial increases in the levels of NOs-N in the soil. Chemical oxidation of the NOS-N resulted in an increase in NO3-N levels. During a 14-day incubation, NOs-N concentrations in sterile soil exposed to an atmosphere containing 100 ~tg m1-1 of NO2 decreased from 190 ~tg g-~ of soil to 105 ~tg g-i with an accompanying increase in NO~-N from 2 ~tg g I to 63 gg g-~ of soil. Nitrogen dioxide severely inhibited the growth of both aerobic and anaerobic asymbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in soil. After a 48 h incubation at 25°C, soil aggregates exposed to an atmosphere containing i00 gg ml -~ of NO2 contained 88% and 98% fewer aerobic and anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria, respectively. C2H2-reduction measurements showed that nitrogenase synthesis and activity in artificial soil aggregates amended with 2% glucose were inhibited by 20% and 48%, respectively, when exposed to atmospheric concentrations of 35 and 3.5 ~tg ml -~ of NO~, respectively.

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OxidesofNitrogeninDiesel Exhaust

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO₂ to HNO₃ by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications

Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO₂ to HNO₃ by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications

Comparative Overview of Methods for the Detection of Airborne Electrolyte Components Released from Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on selected soil processes

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OxidesofNitrogeninDiesel Exhaust

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO2 to HNO3 by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications

Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO2 to HNO3 by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications

Comparative Overview of Methods for the Detection of Airborne Electrolyte Components Released from Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on selected soil processes

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Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO₂ to HNO₃ by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications

Gas-Phase Oxidation of NO₂ to HNO₃ by Phenol: Atmospheric Implications