Oxide scales formed on Fe–Cr–Al-based model alloys exposed to oxygen containing molten lead

Fretting of fuel cladding materials for Pb cooled fast reactors—Approach to long term prediction using fretting maps

“…8 (solid line) for comparison. Experimental points of fretting in molten Pb with sliding amplitude of 35 m seem to follow the proposed trend (Vingsbo and Soderberg, 1988). The shift towards lower values of specific wear coefficient might be due to the lubricating action of liquid Pb together with the different testing conditions (e.g.…”

“…As a consequence, it is reasonable to assume that the fretting wear regimes existing for fretting in air and lubricated fretting are applicable also to the case of fretting in molten Pb. For this reason, the curve specific wear coefficient vs. load described in (Vingsbo and Soderberg, 1988) for fretting in air atmosphere with fixed imposed sliding amplitude is plotted in Fig. 8 (solid line) for comparison.…”

“…If the Al concentration is adequate (typically in the range 5-15 wt%), a thin but very resistant alumina scale (Al 2 O 3 ) forms due to Al diffusion to the surface and selective oxidation (Weisenburger et al, 2008(Weisenburger et al, , 2013. This controlled oxide scale growth showed promising results with respect to preservation of physical and mechanical properties of the steels.…”

Long term corrosion resistance of alumina forming austenitic stainless steels in liquid lead

“…The lateral resolution of the EDS analysis is in the order of 1 lm, and thus this method can thus only be used to qualitatively pinpoint an elemental enrichment. Comparing the results with the oxidation behavior of FeCrAl alloys in a similar environment [5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22], and with AFA alloys exposed from 650°C in other environments [29,30,32], it is reasonable to conclude that the thin oxide is Al 2 O 3 . Based on observations in the literature of similar alloys in comparable environments, it is likely that the oxide consists of transient aluminas, such as j-Al 2 O 3 or h-Al 2 O 3 [20].…”

“…Liquid lead and lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) attacks structural steels, such as AISI 316L and 15-15 Ti at temperatures in excess of 500°C, thus limiting the operation temperature of the reactor [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Alumina forming FeCrAl alloys have been proposed as a promising solution, both as bulk steels [5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and more recently through surface alloying [8,23,24]. Despite the excellent corrosion resistance, conventional ferritic steels do not possess the same mechanical properties as austenitic stainless steels do.…”