Oxidative Stress-Related Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

Abstract

General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms AbstractObjective: To provide an up to date review of oxidative stress biomarkers in multiple sclerosis and thus identify candidate molecules with greatest promise as biomarkers of diagnosis, disease activity or prognosis.Method: A semi-systematic literature search using PubMed and other databases.Results: Nitric oxide metabolites, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein carbonyl, 3-nitrotyrosine, isoprostanes, malondialdehyde and products of DNA oxidation have been identified across multiple studies as having promise as diagnostic, therapeutic or prognostic markers in MS.Conclusion: Heterogeneity of study design, particularly patient selection, limits comparability across studies. Further cohort studies are needed, and we would recommend promising markers be incorporated into future clinical trials to prospectively validate their potential.

Understanding a role for hypoxia in lesion formation and location in the deep and periventricular white matter in small vessel disease and multiple sclerosis

“…Inflammation can also promote dysfunctional vasoconstriction and leukocyte-capillary plugging, reducing capillary perfusion and tissue oxygenation [136]. Cells in inflammatory lesions additionally produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are deleterious to normal mitochondrial function [137][138][139][140][141]. In particular, the prominent expression of NADPH oxidase and the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can produce large quantities of the damaging free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide, and oxidative damage is prominent in MS lesions [139][140][141].…”

N-acetyl Cysteine Administration Is Associated With Increased Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Study

“…The course of MS can be marked be marked by discreet episodes of worsening of symptoms and/or more gradual accrual of disability across neurological and cognitive domains (1). Oxidative stress is believed to occur in association with disease processes in MS (2). Oxidative stress is classically defined as a redox imbalance in which there is an excess formation of oxidants or a decrease in amount of function of antioxidants (3).…”

Dynamic Balance of Microglia and Astrocytes Involved in the Remyelinating Effect of Ginkgolide B

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), accompanied by the following pathological manifestations, such as immune cell invasion, demyelination and axonal degeneration (Reich et al, 2018). Although the exact cause of oligodendrocyte damage and loss is not fully elucidated, several hypotheses have been proposed and are being tested, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, protein misfolding (Dendrou et al, 2015;Stone and Lin, 2015;Ibitoye et al, 2016;Rajda et al, 2017).…”