Oxidative Stress Markers Differ in Two Placental Dysfunction Pathologies: Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Abstract

Aim. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are both multisystemic disorders of pregnancy that cause perinatal morbidity and mortality. Recently, researchers focused on the role of oxidative stress (OS) as a pathophysiological mechanism in the development of these pathologies. The aim of this study was to compare OS in placental-related pathologies (PIH and IUGR) and uncomplicated pregnancies. We also investigated which salivary OS markers reflect systemic oxidative status and which only reflect the state of the oral cavity. Material and Methods. A total of 104 pregnant women (n=104; 27 with PIH, 30 with IUGR, and 47 controls) were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (ORAC), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione transferase (GST) in plasma/whole blood and/or saliva were analysed. Dietary nutrient intake was calculated using a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ). Oral health was assessed to eliminate patients with bleeding, severe periodontitis, and other dental pathologies. Results. In the IUGR group, increased concentration of ORAC was observed both in saliva and plasma. Also, lower plasma levels of MDA in IUGR compared to the control group was detected. No sign of oxidative stress was confirmed in the PIH group. The examined groups did not differ regarding diet and markers of inflammation. ORAC in saliva was correlated with its level in plasma. No such correlations for MDA were observed. In the IUGR group, there were no differences in OS markers in plasma, but there was a lower ALDH level in the blood compared to the control group. It confirms OS occurrence in IUGR. In IUGR, a higher activity of salivary ALDH was probably due to worse oral health. Conclusion. Oxidative stress differs between IUGR and PIH groups: the presence of oxidative stress was confirmed only in the IUGR group. Salivary ORAC can be used to estimate ORAC in plasma. The activity of salivary ALDH reflects the state of the oral cavity.

Considering Intrauterine Location in a Model of Fetal Growth Restriction After Maternal Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Inhalation

“…Decreased placental efficiency ratios are associated with the development of chronic disease in later life, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases (Martyn et al, 1996). Although we did not observe changes in placental weights and placental efficiency ratios that aligned with every pinpointed FGR location, placental oxidative stress balance and nutrient transfer may be perturbed at the molecular level (Huang et al, 2018;Zygula et al, 2020). Other environmental exposures, such as cadmium, are known to cause changes at the transcriptional level to the glucose transport proteins (GLUTs), impairing fetal glucose transfer (Xu et al, 2016).…”

Markers of Oxidative Stress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology—A Systematic Literature Review

“…The rest of the markers were: CAT ( n = 4), GSH ( n = 3), GR ( n = 3), 8-Isoprostane ( n = 3), 8-OHdG ( n = 2), thiol ( n = 2), LPO ( n = 1), PON-1 ( n = 1), advanced oxidation protein products ( n = 1), TOC ( n = 1), TOS ( n = 1), TAA ( n = 1), uric acid ( n = 1), CRP ( n = 1), IL-6 ( n = 1), protein carbonyls ( n = 1), TNF-α ( n = 1), nitrates ( n = 1), cortisol ( n = 1), OSI ( n = 1), and NO ( n = 1) [ 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ].…”

Malondialdehyde and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as Markers of Oxidative Stress in Small for Gestational Age Newborns from Hypertensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies

“…In the presented study, we have evaluated the oxidative stress markers in the umbilical cord blood and the first 12 hours after delivery in small for gestational age newborns from pregnancies complicated by hypertension and preeclampsia. In the light of current knowledge on intrauterine growth restriction and its pathomechanism, placental insufficiency is considered a major factor in its aetiology [13,15]. Placental dysfunction, as a consequence of an inadequate remodelling of uteroplacental circulation and ensuing hypoxia, may lead to vasoconstriction, reduced transfer of oxygen to the foetus and subsequent restriction of fetal growth [3,15].…”

“…In the light of current knowledge on intrauterine growth restriction and its pathomechanism, placental insufficiency is considered a major factor in its aetiology [13,15]. Placental dysfunction, as a consequence of an inadequate remodelling of uteroplacental circulation and ensuing hypoxia, may lead to vasoconstriction, reduced transfer of oxygen to the foetus and subsequent restriction of fetal growth [3,15].…”