Oxidative stress induced in Hyalella azteca by an effluent from a NSAID-manufacturing plant in Mexico

Abstract

Production in the pharmaceutical industry has increased and along with it, the amount of wastewater of various characteristics and contaminant concentrations. The main chemicals in these effluents are solvents, detergents, disinfectants-such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)-and pharmaceutical products, all of which are potentially ecotoxic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress induced in the amphipod Hyalella azteca by the effluent from a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-manufacturing plant. The median lethal concentration (72 h-LC50) was determined and H. azteca were exposed to the lowest observed adverse effect level (0.0732 %) for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated [hydroperoxide content (HPC), lipid peroxidation (LPX), protein carbonyl content (PCC), and the activity of the superoxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)]. Statistically significant increases with respect to the control group (P < 0.05) were observed in HPC, LPX and PCC in H. azteca at all exposure times. Antioxidant enzymes activity SOD, CAT and GPx activity also increased significantly (P < 0.05) with respect to the control group. In conclusion, the industrial effluent analyzed in the present study contains NSAIDs and NaClO, and induces oxidative stress in H. azteca.

History Matters: Pre-Exposure to Wastewater Enhances Pesticide Toxicity in Invertebrates

“…Moreover, the protein content observed for gammarids exposed to the 50:50 mixture was consistently lower than those contents found for the control and the wastewater treatment (Figure 3C and SI Table S5; repeated measures ANOVA: ∼15%, P = 0.007). This may indicate damage to proteins (e.g., carbonylation due to reactive oxygen species 48 ) whose intensity only exceeded internal response levels for repair mechanisms in the pure wastewater treatment. Stronger induction of such mechanisms in this treatment compared to the 50:50 mixture could partly explain the higher effect sizes observed for reductions in glycogen content and dry weight after 6 weeks of exposure (Figure 3A, D).…”

Reduction of the Oxidative Stress Status Using Steviol Glycosides in a Fish Model(Cyprinus carpio)

“…Absorbance was read at 366 nm. Results were expressed as nM reactive carbonyls formed (C=O)/mg protein, using the MEC of 21,000 M/cm [41]. …”

“…SOD activity was determined using the MEC of SOD (21 M/cm). Results were expressed as IU SOD/mg protein [41]. …”

“…A test tube was filled with 20 mL of the supernatant, followed later by addition of 1 mL of isolation buffer solution [0.3 M saccharose (Vetec-Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis), 1 mL EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis), 5 mM HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis), and 5 mM KH 2 PO 4 (Vetec-Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis)], plus 0.2 mL of a hydrogen peroxide solution (20 mM, Vetec-Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis). Absorbance was read at 240 nm after 0 and 60 s. The absorbance value was used in the formula CAT concentration = ( A 0 − A 60 )/MEC, where the MEC of H 2 O 2 is 0.043 mM/cm, and the results were expressed as μ M H 2 O 2 /mg protein [41]. …”