Oxidative Stress in Urolithiasis

Abstract

Oxygen is absolutely essential for the survival of our life. However, metabolic consumption of oxygen inevitably yields reactive oxygen species (ROS). Imbalance of ROS production and antioxidant capacity causes oxidative stress that potentially damages biomolecules leading to cell injury and death. In fact, ROS have two-faceted functions. Under physiologic condition, ROS function as signaling molecules and participate in maintaining redox balance. In pathology, ROS induce oxidative stress that critically involves in the development of several diseases including urolithiasis (UL). UL or urinary stone disease is a common urologic condition in all countries with progressively increasing prevalence. Most of UL are multifactorial with polygenic susceptibility and highly recurrent nature. Formation of urinary stones is driven by supersaturation of urinary lithogenic ions, and calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most prevalent stone type. Oxidative stress clearly plays an active role in UL development. In vitro, lithogenic crystals induce ROS generation in renal tubular cells leading to oxidative stress, cell injury and release of inflammatory mediators. In nephrolithic rats, oxidative stress and CaOx deposit are gradually increased in the rats' kidneys. Intervention with antioxidants efficiently reduces oxidative damage and crystal deposits. Human studies show that patients with UL have increased oxidative stress and renal tubular injury relative to the non-stone-forming individuals. Increased oxidative lesions and inflammation are observed in the stone-containing kidneys of the patients. Furthermore, renal fibrosis mediated through tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition is observed in kidneys of stone patients. Increased renal fibrosis is significantly associated with decreased kidney function. From therapeutic point of view, nutraceutical regimens that are able to reduce oxidative stress may be clinically useful alternatives for preventing stone formation and recurrence. This chapter has an intention to provide a basic knowledge of ROS generation and oxidative stress and up-to-date research findings of oxidative stress in UL based on the published articles as well as the author's studies.

Comparison of Phenolic Metabolites in Purified Extracts of Three Wild-Growing Herniaria L. Species and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities In Vitro

“…The highest number of cases was reported in Saudi Arabia. It is well documented that the countries with hot, desert climates have the superior risk of urinary tract stone occurrence [7]. Climate changes (global warming), sedentary lifestyle, dietary habits (consumption of processed food, high content of animal proteins, sodium, sugars, and reduced amount of water) are believed to have a major contribution to an increasing stone prevalence [8].…”

“…In addition, crystal formation, accompanied by free radical damage, stimulates the kidney cells to produce and release of inflammatory mediators. As a result, an acute inflammatory response develops that further exacerbates cell damage [7]. The next steps in stone formation are aggregation and growth, during which urine crystals adhere and bind to each other through an organic matrix.…”

“…The latter contains proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, cellular debris, and whole cells, and makes up about 5% of the stone mass. It acts as a binding agent by increasing heterogeneous nucleation and aggregation of crystals [7,10,12]. Therefore, to effectively treat and prevent urolithiasis, it is important to use a combination of agents with antiurolithic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.…”

Detection of AGTX gene mutations of kidney stone patients in Tikrit city, Iraq

“…Calcium is an important element in the cell life cycle to control cellular activity, low calcitonin in people with kidney stones leads to a decrease in the rate of calcium deposition in the bones and increases in the blood . [26].The oxidative injury resulting from kidney stones and infections caused by pathogenic bacterialead to epithelial tissue damage in the urinary systemand increased by the presence of salts,the peroxidation of lipid phosphorylation of the cell membranes leads to the hardening of the membrane and thus affect the physiological functions of nephrons, especially epithelial cells in the renal glomerulus and convoluted tubule (Boonla, 2018) [27].Oxalates are natural substances found in many natural foods and are associated with calcium during digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and then leave the body with feces,however, oxalates that are not associated with calcium in the gastrointestinal tract are excreted through the kidneys with urine,therefore, the high levels of calcium in the kidneys lead to the association of oxalates with calcium to be crystals calcium oxalate that combine with each other to form kidney stones.This is one of the most common types of kidney stones,and this process is one of the reasons leading to the destruction of kidney tissues and low efficiency of the kidneys (Ratkalkar and Kleinman, 2011) [28].…”

Study the effect of Sex hormones in patients with stomach ulcers in Anbar Governorate

“…(8) The main causes of stomach ulcers are Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) (9), Diet (2) (10), Smoking (11), Alcohol drinking (12), Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), (13) Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) (14) (15), and Oxidative stress. (16) (17).…”