Oxidative stress in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: Affecting the tumor microenvironment and becoming a new target for pituitary neuroendocrine tumor therapy

Abstract

Pituitary adenomas (PAs), or pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), are commonly found in the anterior pituitary gland. Although the majority of PitNETs are benign and stable, several tumors have malignant characteristics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis and is composed of several types of cells. Various cells in the TME are significantly affected by oxidative stress. It has been reported that immunotherapeutic strategies have good effects in several cancers. However, the clinical potential of immunotherapies in PitNETs has not yet been fully discussed. Oxidative stress can regulate PitNET cells and immune cells in the TME, thus affecting the immune status of the TME of PitNETs. Therefore, modulation of oxidative stress‐regulated immune cells using a combination of several agents and the immune system to suppress PitNETs is a promising therapeutic direction. In this review, we systematically analyzed the oxidative stress process within PitNET cells and various immune cells to elucidate the potential value of immunotherapy.

A Study of Alternative TrkA Splicing Identifies TrkAIII as a Novel Potentially Targetable Participant in PitNET Progression

“…PitNETs, in general, are sporadic tumors that exhibit low oncogene mutation rates, chromosomal alterations, transcriptomic, and epigenetic signatures [ 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. However, they do associate with several conditions that have been linked to alternative splicing, including hypoxia [ 12 ], oxidative stress [ 13 ], somatic mutations in the splicing factor 3b subunit 1 ( SF3B1 ) [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], and dysregulated splicing machinery [ 17 ]. PitNETs have also been linked to the neurotropic John Cunningham polyomavirus (JCPyV) in an animal model [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Identification of a Novel Oxidative Stress- and Anoikis-Related Prognostic Signature and Its Immune Landscape Analysis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

“…It is a state of imbalance between the normal oxidant-scavenging enzyme system and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) [12]. When the oxidative stress state is more serious, this will result in a variety of key normal cells in the change in the macromolecular structure and function, which can lead to DNA damage, molecular mutation and chromosome instability and signaling pathway change, eventually leading to the formation of a tumor [13,14]. Although oxidative stress can promote the occurrence of tumors, long-term large amounts of ROS also have toxic effects on malignant tumors [15], and the effect of many anticancer methods depends on their ability to promote oxidative stress [16].…”